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Antibiotics and Antimicrobial Therapy Essentials
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1
Question
What are antibiotics primarily used to treat?
Page 1
Answer
Bacterial infections
2
Question
How do bactericidal antibiotics work?
Page 1
Answer
By killing bacteria
3
Question
What is the key difference between bactericidal and bacteriostatic antibiotics?
Page 1
Answer
Bactericidal kill bacteria; bacteriostatic stop growth
4
Question
Why should antibiotics not be used for viral infections like the common cold?
Page 1
Answer
They only treat bacterial infections
5
Question
What is a superinfection, and why does it occur with antibiotics?
Page 1
Answer
Infection from disrupted normal flora, like C. difficile
6
Question
How can antibiotic resistance be prevented?
Page 1
Answer
By completing the full course of antibiotics
7
Question
What do penicillins and cephalosporins both target in bacteria?
Page 2
Answer
The bacterial cell wall
8
Question
Why is there cross-reactivity between penicillins and cephalosporins?
Page 2
Answer
They share a similar chemical structure
9
Question
What are common uses for penicillins like amoxicillin?
Page 2
Answer
Strep throat, ear infections, syphilis
10
Question
What is the most serious allergic reaction to penicillins?
Page 2
Answer
Anaphylaxis
11
Question
How should anaphylaxis from penicillins be managed?
Page 2
Answer
Assess respiratory status and administer epinephrine
12
Question
What should be documented about penicillin allergies?
Page 2
Answer
The specific type of allergic response
13
Question
What are common uses for cephalosporins like ceftriaxone?
Page 2
Answer
Respiratory infections, UTIs, skin infections, surgical prophylaxis
14
Question
Why do some cephalosporins increase bleeding risk?
Page 2
Answer
They interfere with vitamin K metabolism
15
Question
What is MRSA, and how is it treated with vancomycin?
Page 2
Answer
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; treated with vancomycin
16
Question
What is oral vancomycin used for besides MRSA?
Page 2
Answer
C. difficile colitis
17
Question
How is nephrotoxicity monitored in vancomycin therapy?
Page 2
Answer
Monitor BUN, creatinine, and urine output
18
Question
What are vancomycin trough levels, and when are they drawn?
Page 2
Answer
Levels before next dose to ensure therapeutic dosing
19
Question
What is ototoxicity from vancomycin?
Page 2
Answer
Hearing loss, especially at high doses
20
Question
What symptoms indicate vancomycin ototoxicity?
Page 2
Answer
Tinnitus and dizziness
21
Question
What is red man syndrome with vancomycin?
Page 2
Answer
Histamine reaction causing flushing, rash, hypotension from rapid infusion
22
Question
How can red man syndrome be prevented?
Page 2
Answer
Infuse vancomycin slowly over at least 60 minutes
23
Question
What are common uses for aminoglycosides like gentamicin?
Page 3
Answer
Serious infections like sepsis or hospital-acquired
24
Question
What is a key side effect of aminoglycosides on the ears?
Page 3
Answer
Ototoxicity causing hearing loss or balance problems
25
Question
How is nephrotoxicity from aminoglycosides monitored?
Page 3
Answer
Monitor BUN, creatinine, urine output, and trough levels
26
Question
What are common uses for fluoroquinolones like ciprofloxacin?
Page 3
Answer
UTIs, pneumonia, GI infections
27
Question
What is the black box warning for fluoroquinolones?
Page 3
Answer
Increased risk of tendon rupture and tendonitis
28
Question
How should patients on fluoroquinolones protect their skin?
Page 3
Answer
Avoid excessive sun exposure and wear sunscreen
29
Question
What cardiac risk do macrolides like azithromycin pose?
Page 3
Answer
QT prolongation leading to arrhythmias
30
Question
When should ECG be monitored for macrolides?
Page 3
Answer
In clients with heart conditions or on QT-affecting drugs