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Urbanization and Migration Essentials
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1
Question
What is urbanization according to the movement of people?
Page 2
Answer
Movement of people from primary sector communities to larger occupations like trade, manufacturing, and services
2
Question
What are the criteria for an urban area per Census of India 2011?
Page 2
Answer
Minimum population of 5000, at least 75% male population in non-agricultural activities, density of at least 400 persons/sq km
3
Question
What is a major water supply problem in urban areas?
Page 2
Answer
Access to safe drinking water is persistent due to contamination from untreated sewage and increasing population
4
Question
What causes inadequate power supply in urban areas?
Page 2
Answer
Power thefts, non-payment of dues, and inadequate monitoring of old infrastructure
5
Question
How does waste disposal affect urban environments?
Page 2
Answer
Large dumping grounds contaminate groundwater, leading to unhygienic conditions and diseases
6
Question
What is a key problem with medical waste in urban settings?
Page 2
Answer
Smaller hospitals lack means to treat infectious biomedical waste, spreading diseases
7
Question
What transport challenges arise from urbanization?
Page 2
Answer
Limited and outdated infrastructure, inadequate planning, and increasing private vehicles sharing roadways
8
Question
What defines migration?
Page 3
Answer
Movement of people from one place to another for permanent or temporary settling
9
Question
What is internal migration?
Page 3
Answer
Moving within the state or country of domicile
10
Question
What is external migration?
Page 3
Answer
Moving out of the home country
11
Question
Define emigration
Page 3
Answer
Leaving a country to move to another
12
Question
What is immigration?
Page 3
Answer
Entering a new country
13
Question
What is population transfer?
Page 3
Answer
Government-forced movement of a large group, often based on religion or ethnicity; also called involuntary migration
14
Question
Define impelled migration
Page 3
Answer
Individuals decide to leave due to unfavorable conditions like war or persecution; reluctant migration
15
Question
What is step migration?
Page 3
Answer
Series of shorter, step-by-step migrations from origin to destination, e.g., farm to village to town to city
16
Question
What characterizes chain migration?
Page 3
Answer
Series of migrations within a family or group, where one member helps others join later
17
Question
Define return migration
Page 3
Answer
Voluntary movement of migrants back to their homeland
18
Question
What is seasonal migration?
Page 3
Answer
Moving for a period in response to labor or climatic conditions, e.g., from Marathwada to cities during non-harvest
19
Question
What are push factors in migration?
Page 4
Answer
Unfavorable conditions prompting leaving, e.g., lack of food, war
20
Question
Define pull factors
Page 4
Answer
Attractive reasons for entering a place, e.g., better food, education
21
Question
What effect does migration have on population density at origin?
Page 4
Answer
Density decreases
22
Question
How does migration affect sex ratio at place of origin?
Page 4
Answer
Sex ratio declines, often due to male out-migration
23
Question
What is an impact of migration on workforce at origin?
Page 4
Answer
Workforce reduces
24
Question
How does migration increase pressure on resources at destination?
Page 4
Answer
Increased population strains available resources
25
Question
What health effect do migrants face?
Page 4
Answer
Adverse effects due to proximity to industrial areas
26
Question
What is the Urban Heat Island concept?
Page 5
Answer
Areas in and around cities warmer than adjacent rural areas, metaphorically an 'island' of heat
27
Question
Define surface heat island
Page 5
Answer
Higher surface temperatures in urban areas
28
Question
What is canopy layer heat island?
Page 5
Answer
Higher temperatures in air from ground to tops of trees/buildings
29
Question
Define boundary layer heat island
Page 5
Answer
Higher temperatures in air above rooftops and trees extending outward
30
Question
What causes reduced vegetation in Urban Heat Islands?
Page 5
Answer
Less greenery leads to more heat absorption