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Basics of Atoms and Macromolecules
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Basics of Atoms and Macromolecules
Basics of Atoms and Macromolecules
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1
Question
What is an atom and what is it composed of?
Answer
An atom is the smallest unit of matter composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
2
Question
Where are protons and neutrons located in an atom?
Answer
In the nucleus.
3
Question
Where do electrons reside in an atom?
Answer
Orbiting the nucleus in shells.
4
Question
What are chemical bonds?
Answer
Forces where atoms share or transfer electrons to become stable.
5
Question
Why do atoms form chemical bonds?
Answer
To become stable by filling their outer electron shells.
6
Question
What determines an atom's reactivity or stability?
Answer
The number of valence electrons; stable when outer shells are full (2 or 8 electrons).
7
Question
How do you predict the type of bond between two atoms?
Answer
Based on electron affinity: large differences form ionic bonds; similar affinities form covalent bonds.
8
Question
What is a polar covalent bond?
Answer
Electrons shared unequally between atoms.
9
Question
What is a nonpolar covalent bond?
Answer
Electrons shared equally between atoms.
10
Question
What is an ionic bond?
Answer
Electrons transferred, forming ions.
11
Question
Why are nonpolar covalent bonds hydrophobic?
Answer
They lack charged regions and do not interact with water.
12
Question
Which bond type is C–O?
Answer
Polar and hydrophilic.
13
Question
Which bond type is C–H?
Answer
Nonpolar and hydrophobic.
14
Question
What defines organic molecules?
Answer
Contain carbon-hydrogen bonds.
15
Question
What defines inorganic molecules?
Answer
Do not contain carbon-hydrogen bonds.
16
Question
Name an example of an organic molecule.
Answer
Glucose, lipids, or proteins.
17
Question
Name an example of an inorganic molecule.
Answer
Water or salts.
18
Question
What are functional groups?
Answer
Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate, sulfhydryl.
19
Question
Which functional group is polar and hydrophilic?
Answer
Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, or phosphate.
20
Question
Which functional group is nonpolar and hydrophobic?
Answer
Sulfhydryl.
21
Question
Name the four macromolecules.
Answer
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.
22
Question
Are lipids polymers?
Answer
No, they aren’t made of repeating monomers.
23
Question
What is the monomer of polysaccharides?
Answer
Monosaccharide.
24
Question
What is the monomer of proteins?
Answer
Amino acid.
25
Question
What is the monomer of nucleic acids?
Answer
Nucleotide.
26
Question
What is dehydration synthesis?
Answer
Removes water to build polymers.
27
Question
What is hydrolysis?
Answer
Adds water to break polymers.
28
Question
What are monosaccharides?
Answer
Single sugars for quick energy, e.g., glucose.
29
Question
What are polysaccharides?
Answer
Chains for energy storage or structure.
30
Question
Name a plant polysaccharide for energy storage.
Answer
Starch.