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Cell Structure and Membrane Essentials
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Cell Structure and Membrane Essentials
Cell Structure and Membrane Essentials
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1
Question
What is the basic functional unit of the living body?
Answer
Cell
2
Question
Name two universal needs of cells for survival.
Answer
Nutrition and oxygen
3
Question
What do cells produce for growth and repair besides energy?
Answer
Proteins and other macromolecules (biomolecules)
4
Question
What waste product do cells commonly eliminate?
Answer
Carbon dioxide
5
Question
What term describes a group of cells with similar function?
Answer
Tissue
6
Question
List the four primary tissue types.
Answer
Muscle, Nervous, Epithelial, Connective
7
Question
Which tissue type includes skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle?
Answer
Muscle tissue
8
Question
What are neurons part of?
Answer
Nervous tissue
9
Question
What is the defining feature of epithelial tissue types?
Answer
Squamous, columnar, and cuboidal epithelial cells
10
Question
What are the two main categories of organs?
Answer
Tubular (hollow) and compact (parenchymal) organs
11
Question
What is an organ system?
Answer
A group of organs that work together to perform a body function
12
Question
Name two classic organ systems and their primary roles.
Answer
Digestive (digestion) and Cardiovascular (transport)
13
Question
What are the three main components used to study the structure of a cell?
Answer
Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
14
Question
What is another name for the cell membrane?
Answer
Plasma membrane or plasmalemma
15
Question
What is the membrane that encloses the cell contents?
Answer
Cell (plasma) membrane
16
Question
What are the major components of the cell membrane by mass?
Answer
Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates
17
Question
What is the lipid bilayer primarily composed of?
Answer
Phospholipids and cholesterol
18
Question
How are phospholipids arranged in the bilayer?
Answer
Hydrophilic heads face outward toward water; hydrophobic tails face inward
19
Question
Which part of the phospholipid is water-loving?
Answer
Hydrophilic head
20
Question
Which part of the phospholipid avoids water?
Answer
Hydrophobic tails
21
Question
Where are hydrophobic tails oriented within the membrane?
Answer
Toward the membrane center
22
Question
What characteristic allows the lipid layer to facilitate selective passage?
Answer
Semipermeability
23
Question
Name two major functions of the cell membrane beyond protection.
Answer
Selective permeability and exchange of substances
24
Question
What types of substances pass readily through the lipid layer?
Answer
Fat-soluble substances (e.g., O2, CO2, alcohol)
25
Question
Which substances require protein-mediated transport?
Answer
Water-soluble substances (e.g., glucose, electrolytes)
26
Question
What are integral proteins primarily responsible for?
Answer
Structural integrity and transport functions
27
Question
What is the role of channel proteins?
Answer
Facilitate diffusion of water-soluble substances
28
Question
What is the function of carrier proteins?
Answer
Mediate active or passive transport across the membrane
29
Question
What do receptor proteins do?
Answer
Serve as sites for hormones and neurotransmitters
30
Question
What is the role of enzymes in the cell membrane?
Answer
Catalyze metabolic reactions at the membrane