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Research Methods and Measurement Essentials
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1
Question
What is validity in psychological measurement?
Answer
Whether the instrument measures what it intends to measure.
2
Question
What are the four main types of validity?
Answer
Internal, Statistical Conclusion, Construct, External validity.
3
Question
What does covariation mean in causal inference?
Answer
A statistical relationship where A varies with B.
4
Question
What is low statistical power a threat to?
Answer
Statistical Conclusion Validity.
5
Question
What is differential attrition?
Answer
Systematic participant loss linked to study conditions.
6
Question
What is a within-participant (repeated-measures) design?
Answer
Participants experience every treatment condition.
7
Question
What are sequencing effects?
Answer
Order or carryover effects across treatment conditions.
8
Question
What is treatment diffusion?
Answer
Participants receive parts of another condition's treatment.
9
Question
What is resentful demoralization?
Answer
Negative response from deprived participants affecting outcomes.
10
Question
What is a factorial design?
Answer
Crossed design examining two or more factors and interactions.
11
Question
How is research defined by U.S. federal regulations?
Answer
Systematic investigation contributing to generalizable knowledge.
12
Question
What is the Belmont Report's role?
Answer
Context for ethics distinguishing generalizable knowledge from practice.
13
Question
What does respect for persons entail?
Answer
Autonomy, informed consent, voluntary participation.
14
Question
What are the three components of informed consent?
Answer
Informed, Voluntary, Rational.
15
Question
What is debriefing?
Answer
Providing study information and correcting misconceptions after participation.
16
Question
What is dehoaxing?
Answer
Deception-specific debriefing explaining the deception used.
17
Question
What does jangle vs. jingle refer to in measurement?
Answer
Jangle: same concept, different names; Jingle: different concepts, same name.
18
Question
What is mono-operation bias?
Answer
Using a single operationalization, causing deficiency and contamination.
19
Question
What is mono-method bias?
Answer
All measures use the same method, embedding method into construct.
20
Question
What is convergent validity?
Answer
Scale scores correlate with related measures measuring same construct.
21
Question
What is discriminant validity?
Answer
Scores show low correlation with unrelated constructs.
22
Question
What is a nomological net?
Answer
Network of theoretical relationships for nomological validity.
23
Question
What is domain sampling?
Answer
Selecting representative items from a construct domain.
24
Question
What is the difference between deductive and inductive item generation?
Answer
Deductive uses theory; inductive uses population/expert input.
25
Question
What is a systematic review?
Answer
Explicit, systematic method to identify and appraise relevant research.
26
Question
What is convenience sampling?
Answer
Non-probability sampling of easily accessible participants.
27
Question
Why is representativeness important in prevalence surveys?
Answer
To ensure estimates reflect the target population.
28
Question
What should prevalence surveys rely on to be accurate?
Answer
Probability sampling.
29
Question
What is the primary goal of a systematic review?
Answer
Minimize bias in identifying relevant studies.
30
Question
What constitutes construct validity?
Answer
Validity of the measurement of the theoretical construct.