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Human Sexuality Psychiatry
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1
Question
A 45-year-old physician states that he has been living with another man in a stable, sexual and love relationship for the past 10 years. This physician is most likely to have a history in adolescence of (A) seduction by an older man (B) mental illness (C) sexual fantasies about men (D) choosing to spend time alone (E) wanting sex change surgery
Answer
(C) sexual fantasies about men. Like other men with a homosexual sexual orientation, this physician is likely to have a history of sexual fantasies about men (heterosexual men commonly have a history of sexual fantasies about women). Homosexuality is a typical variant of sexual expression and is biologically based. There is no evidence that it is associated with a history in adolescence of seduction by an older man, mental illness, or a preference for being alone. While people with gender dysphoria may seek sex reassignment surgery, people with a homosexual sexual orientation do not desire to change their physical sex.
2
Question
A 32-year-old man who was recently diagnosed with HIV states that he is sure he got the infection from a sexual encounter he had while he was on vacation. Which of the following is the most appropriate question to ask the patient in order to determine his sexual orientation? (A) “Would you describe yourself as homosexual?” (B) “Are you mainly gay or mainly straight?” (C) “Are you exclusively gay or exclusively straight?” (D) “Do you prefer to have sex with men, women, or both men and women?” (E) “Do you think you are heterosexual, bisexual, or homosexual?”
Answer
(D) “Do you prefer to have sex with men, women, or both men and women?”. The most appropriate question to ask this patient is a straightforward one, for example, “Do you prefer to have sex with men, women, or both men and women?” Using descriptors such as homosexual, heterosexual, gay, and straight is less likely to clarify the patient’s sexual orientation and behavior.
3
Question
A 29-year-old woman says that she has always felt as if she were “a man in the body of a woman.” The results of physical and pelvic examinations are typical. She is sexually attracted to heterosexual women and wants to wear men’s clothes, take male hormones, and undergo a mastectomy and surgical sex reversal so that she can live as a man. The best way to describe this patient is that she is experiencing (A) congenital virilizing adrenal hyperplasia (B) androgen insensitivity syndrome (C) gender dysphoria (D) transvestic fetishism (E) a lesbian sexual orientation
Answer
(C) gender dysphoria. This patient, who has always felt as if she were “a man in the body of a woman” in the presence of a typical female body, has gender dysphoria. Females with congenital virilizing adrenal hyperplasia have masculinized genitalia, and transvestic fetishists are typically male. People with androgen insensitivity syndrome are genetic males with female bodies (with which they are content); they more commonly have sexual interest in men. Lesbian women have sexual interest in women but have a female gender identity and do not desire to change their physical sex.
4
Question
A 17-year-old woman presents to the doctor because she has never menstruated and because she has discovered labial masses. Initial examination reveals a tall, thin female with typical external genitalia (aside from the labial masses) and breast development. A pelvic examination is not performed. There are no Barr bodies in the buccal smear. The best way to describe this patient is that she is experiencing (A) congenital virilizing adrenal hyperplasia (B) androgen insensitivity syndrome (C) gender dysphoria (D) transvestic fetishism (E) a lesbian sexual orientation
Answer
(B) androgen insensitivity syndrome. This patient, who has a female phenotype despite a male genotype (e.g., no Barr bodies in the buccal smear), has androgen insensitivity syndrome. In this genetic defect, body cells do not respond to the androgen being produced by the testes, resulting in failure of physical masculinization prenatally. The masses noted by the patient are probably testes, which have descended into the labia at puberty. People with androgen insensitivity syndrome are generally heterosexual with respect to phenotypic sex (i.e., women with sexual interest in men).
5
Question
A 35-year-old man must wear women’s high heels and lingerie to become aroused whenever he has sexual intercourse with a woman. He denies having sexual interest in men. The best way to describe this patient is that he is experiencing (A) congenital virilizing adrenal hyperplasia (B) androgen insensitivity syndrome (C) gender dysphoria (D) transvestic fetishism (E) a gay sexual orientation
Answer
(D) transvestic fetishism. This man, who must wear women’s clothes to become sexually aroused, is showing transvestic fetishism.
6
Question
The best estimate of the occurrence of homosexuality in men is (A) 0.5%–1% (B) 2%–3% (C) 5%–10% (D) 20%–25% (E) 30%–35%
Answer
(C) 5%–10%. The best estimate of the occurrence of homosexuality in men is 5%–10%.
7
Question
A 50-year-old man shows breast enlargement after years of using a substance. The substance he is most likely to have used is (A) alcohol (B) marijuana (C) heroin (D) amphetamine (E) amyl nitrite
Answer
(A) alcohol. The substance that this 50-year-old man with breast enlargement is most likely to have used is alcohol. Long-term use of alcohol damages the liver, resulting in accumulation of estrogens and feminization of the body. Marijuana, heroin, amphetamine, and amyl nitrite are much less likely to cause estrogen accumulation.
8
Question
A 34-year-old man has been taking fluoxetine for the treatment of depression for the past 4 months. He no longer has depression, but he reports that he is having sexual problems. Which of the following sexual dysfunctions is this man most likely to report? (A) Lifelong erectile disorder (B) Acquired erectile disorder (C) Premature ejaculation (D) Delayed orgasm (E) Pain–penetration disorder
Answer
(D) Delayed orgasm. While they may be associated with loss of libido and erectile disorder, fluoxetine and other selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are more likely to cause delayed or absent orgasm (inhibited orgasm). That is why the SSRIs are useful in managing premature ejaculation. Pain–penetration disorder is not associated specifically with SSRI treatment.
9
Question
A 34-year-old man has been taking fluoxetine for the treatment of depression for the past 4 months. He no longer has depression, but he reports that he is having sexual problems. The neurotransmitter alteration most likely to be associated with this man’s sexual difficulty is (A) increased dopamine (B) decreased dopamine (C) increased serotonin (D) decreased serotonin (E) decreased norepinephrine
Answer
(C) increased serotonin. The neurotransmitter alteration most likely to be associated with inhibited orgasm is increased serotonin resulting from treatment with fluoxetine. Increased dopamine tends to increase sexual interest and performance. Decreased dopamine, decreased serotonin, and decreased norepinephrine are less likely to be associated with inhibited orgasm than is increased serotonin.
10
Question
A 30-year-old male patient who is HIV positive asks the doctor what type of sexual behavior poses the most risk for transmitting HIV to his partner. The doctor’s best response is (A) anal intercourse (B) oral–penile contact (C) oral–vulva contact (D) vaginal intercourse (E) kissing
Answer
(A) anal intercourse. Because tissue tears providing access to the blood supply are more likely to occur in anal intercourse, this is the type of sexual behavior that poses the most risk for transmitting HIV. While it is possible to transmit HIV by other sexual behaviors (e.g., fellatio [oral–penile contact], cunnilingus [oral–vulva contact], vaginal intercourse, and kissing), such transmission is much less likely than with anal intercourse.
11
Question
A husband and wife in their mid-30s state that they are having sexual problems. During the interview, the doctor discovers that while their sex life had been good, the last time they tried to have intercourse (4 wk previously), the husband could not maintain an erection. Which of the following agents is most likely to have caused this sexual problem? (A) Cocaine (B) Propranolol (C) Levodopa (l-dopa) (D) Amyl nitrite (E) Dextroamphetamine
Answer
(B) Propranolol. Of the listed agents, the one most likely to have caused erectile disorder is propranolol, an antihypertensive medication (β-blocker). Cocaine, amphetamines, and l-dopa tend to increase sexual interest and performance by elevating dopamine availability. Amyl nitrite (a vasodilator) is used to enhance the sensation of orgasm.
12
Question
A 65-year-old married couple complains to the doctor that their sex life is not what it used to be. Which of the following problems is the couple most likely to report? (A) Premature ejaculation (B) Vaginal dryness (C) Shorter refractory period (D) Decreased sexual interest (E) Pain–penetration disorder
Answer
(B) Vaginal dryness. This 65-year-old married couple is most likely to be having sexual problems because of vaginal dryness due to lack of estrogen after menopause. Aging is also characterized by a longer refractory period and delayed ejaculation in men and decreased intensity of orgasm in men and women. Although sexual behavior may decrease with aging because of these problems, sexual interest remains about the same. Pain–penetration disorder is not particularly associated with aging.
13
Question
A 32-year-old man complains that he has no problem with erection, but that he usually has an orgasm and ejaculates before he achieves vaginal penetration. This man’s complaint (A) is uncommon (B) is associated with depression (C) is associated with an absent excitement phase (D) can be effectively managed with intensive psychotherapy (E) can be effectively managed with the squeeze technique
Answer
(E) can be effectively managed with the squeeze technique. This man is describing premature ejaculation, a common sexual dysfunction, which often can be effectively managed with the squeeze technique (not psychotherapy). Premature ejaculation is associated with an absent plateau phase of the sexual response cycle and is not specifically associated with depression.
14
Question
A 62-year-old patient tells the physician that he is having difficulty maintaining an erection when he has intercourse with his wife. Which of the following illnesses, when untreated, is most likely to be associated with this man’s problem? (A) Alzheimer disease (B) Hypertension (C) Diabetes (D) Myocardial infarction (E) Schizophrenia
Answer
(C) Diabetes. Untreated diabetes is most likely to be associated with erectile disorder. Although the medications used to manage some conditions are associated with erectile disorder, the disorders themselves, for example, untreated cardiac problems, hypertension, and schizophrenia, are less likely to be associated with erectile disorder. Alzheimer disease is not associated with erectile disorder. In fact, sexual expression may be the last form of communication in a couple when one has Alzheimer disease.
15
Question
A 62-year-old patient tells the physician that he is having difficulty maintaining an erection when he has intercourse with his wife. The physician recommends that the patient take sildenafil citrate (Viagra) prior to having intercourse. The major action of this agent in the management of erectile disorder is to (A) increase the concentration of cGMP (B) decrease the concentration of cGMP (C) increase the degradation of cGMP (D) increase the concentration of phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) (E) decrease the degradation of prostaglandin E
Answer
(A) increase the concentration of cGMP. Sildenafil citrate (Viagra) works by increasing the concentration of cGMP, a vasodilator, in the penis, which causes erection to persist.
16
Question
A 25-year-old man masturbates by rubbing against unsuspecting women in crowded buses. This man is showing which of the following paraphilic disorders? (A) Fetishism (B) Exhibitionism (C) Frotteurism (D) Voyeurism (E) Sexual masochism
Answer
(C) Frotteurism. This man who masturbates by rubbing against women in crowded buses is exhibiting frotteurism. Exhibitionism involves a sexual preference for revealing one’s genitals to unsuspecting persons so that they will be shocked. Fetishism is a sexual preference for inanimate objects. Sexual masochism is a preference for receiving physical pain or humiliation. Voyeurism is a preference for secretly watching people undressing or engaging in sexual activity.
17
Question
A 55-year-old married patient complains of erectile problems. The man has Parkinson disease that is well controlled with l-dopa, and he is able to work full time. He also has a part-time job that causes him to work late most evenings. The patient also relates that he drinks two martinis each evening, smokes two packs of cigarettes a day, and sometimes uses cocaine. His sexual dysfunction is most likely to be associated with his (A) work schedule (B) cocaine use (C) l-dopa use (D) alcohol drinking (E) cigarette smoking
Answer
(D) alcohol drinking. This patient’s erectile problems are most likely to be associated with his alcohol drinking. Cigarette smoking is less likely than alcohol to affect sexual function. l-Dopa and cocaine tend to increase rather than decrease sexual interest and performance by elevating dopamine availability. The man’s work schedule, while stressful, is less likely than alcohol to affect his sexual functioning.
18
Question
The tenting effect is most likely to begin in which stage of the sexual response cycle and in men only, women only, or both men and women? (A) Excitement phase: men only (B) Plateau phase: men only (C) Orgasm phase: men only (D) Excitement phase: men and women (E) Plateau phase: men and women (F) Orgasm phase: men and women (G) Excitement phase: women only (H) Plateau phase: women only (I) Orgasm phase: women only
Answer
(G) Excitement phase: women only. The tenting effect, elevation of the uterus in the pelvic cavity, begins during the excitement phase of the sexual response cycle in women.
19
Question
The sex flush is most likely to begin in which stage of the sexual response cycle and in men only, women only, or both men and women? (A) Excitement phase: men only (B) Plateau phase: men only (C) Orgasm phase: men only (D) Excitement phase: men and women (E) Plateau phase: men and women (F) Orgasm phase: men and women (G) Excitement phase: women only (H) Plateau phase: women only (I) Orgasm phase: women only
Answer
(E) Plateau phase: men and women. The sex flush first appears during the plateau phase of the sexual response cycle in both men and women.
20
Question
Which stage of the sexual response cycle shows the greatest difference in time length between men and women? (A) Excitement (B) Plateau (C) Orgasm (D) Resolution
Answer
(D) Resolution. Resolution shows the greatest difference in time length between men and women. Men have a resting (refractory) period after orgasm when restimulation is not possible. Women are less likely than men to have a refractory period.
21
Question
Uterine contractions mainly occur in which stage of the sexual response cycle? (A) Excitement (B) Plateau (C) Orgasm (D) Resolution
Answer
(C) Orgasm. Uterine contractions occur mainly during the orgasm phase of the sexual response cycle.
22
Question
The most common cause of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women is (A) gonorrhea (B) syphilis (C) trichomoniasis (D) chlamydia (E) candidiasis
Answer
(D) chlamydia. The most common cause of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women is infection with chlamydia; it may account for as many as 50% of the cases. Other sexually transmitted diseases can also cause PID but are less common in the population than infection with chlamydia.
23
Question
A man and woman in their mid-20s who have been married for 3 years present to a physician for evaluation of infertility. During the interview, the wife states, “I cannot understand why I cannot get pregnant. We have had sexual relations two to three times per week for the past year.” What is the most appropriate next step for the physician to take? (A) Refer the couple for marital counseling. (B) Perform a gynecological exam on the wife. (C) Perform a testicular exam on the husband. (D) Suggest that the husband undergo a fertility evaluation. (E) Suggest that the wife undergo a fertility evaluation. (F) Ask the couple what they mean by “sexual relations.”
Answer
(F) Ask the couple what they mean by “sexual relations.” The most appropriate next step for the physician to take is to clarify what the couple means by “sexual relations.” Sexually inexperienced people may not know that some forms of sexual expression (e.g., fellatio, intercourse without ejaculation) do not result in pregnancy. It is inappropriate to conduct physical or laboratory examinations for the cause of infertility until the physician is assured that the couple is having sexual intercourse involving vaginal penetration with ejaculation.
24
Question
A 17-year-old male is brought to the doctor by his parents, who express concern about his sexual interests and behavior. When interviewed alone, the patient notes that he had sex with another young man on one occasion but states that he is also attracted to women. He tells the doctor that once, at a party, he wore women’s clothing and felt sexually aroused. The most appropriate description/diagnosis for this young man is (A) paraphilic disorder unspecified (B) gender dysphoria (C) typical behavior (D) homosexuality (E) transvestic disorder
Answer
(C) typical behavior. This 17-year-old male is showing typical behavior. There is no evidence of transvestic or other paraphilic disorder since he is not socially or legally impaired by his occasional cross-dressing behavior. He does not express discomfort with his biological sex and so does not fit criteria for gender dysphoria. He may or may not have a homosexual orientation; in either case, homosexuality is a typical variant of sexual expression.
25
Question
Worried parents tell their doctor that their 8-year-old son only wants to play with girls, likes to dress up like a girl, and insists on urinating sitting down. He also says that boys are dirty and that girls have better stuff and that he wants to be called by a girl’s name. What is the most appropriate action by the physician at this time? (A) Tell the parents to give the child a time-out whenever they see him playing with girls (B) Tell the parents to give the child only masculine toys such as trucks and action figures to play with (C) Reassure the parents that cross-gender behavior such as this is common and will disappear in time (D) Inform the parents that it is likely that the child will have a homosexual orientation (E) Teach the parents that it is alright for the child to have these interests and help them accept the child as he is (F) Tell the parents that they should consider sex reassignment surgery for the child
Answer
(E) Teach the parents that it is alright for the child to have these interests and help them accept the child as he is. This 8-year-old boy, who has adopted the play, dress, and social preferences typical of a same-age girl, is showing evidence of gender dysphoria. Gender identity is related to early exposure of the brain to sex hormones and is unchangeable. The most effective strategy in dealing with parents of children with gender dysphoria is to teach them that it is alright for the child to have these interests and help them accept the child as he or she is. Presenting only typically masculine toys or preventing use of typically feminine toys will not be effective in changing this child’s behavior. When the child is an adult, he can decide whether or not to pursue sex reassignment treatment and/or surgery. Unlike this child, individuals with homosexual orientations are comfortable with their biological sex and prefer to have romantic and sexual relationships with people of their own sex.
26
Question
Concerned parents tell the pediatrician that last week their 6-year-old daughter walked in on them while they were having intercourse. This week, they found their daughter with another 6-year-old girl playing the male role in what looked like a simulation of sexual intercourse. The results of the child’s physical exam are unremarkable. The next step for the doctor to take is to (A) reassure the parents that this behavior is typical in children of this age (B) tell the parents that the child is likely to have a lesbian sexual orientation in adulthood (C) refer the family to a child psychiatrist (D) evaluate the child’s sex hormone levels (E) advise the parents that the child probably has been sexually abused
Answer
(A) reassure the parents that this behavior is typical in children of this age. The next step for the pediatrician to take is to reassure the parents that curiosity about sexual behavior is typical for children of this age. Although the parents should speak to the child to be sure that she has not had sexual contact with an adult, her behavior with the other girl can be explained as an attempt to replicate the behavior of her parents. There is no reason to believe that observing sexual behavior or playing the male role in a sexual game will result in the child’s having a lesbian sexual orientation. Since physical examination is unremarkable, the child’s sex hormone levels are likely to be typical.
27
Question
A 40-year-old man and his wife report that they haven't had sexual intercourse in months because the husband says he doesn't have time. What is the most appropriate statement by the doctor? (Options not provided in text, but based on typical board question: A) Limit intercourse to weekends B) Schedule intercourse C) Please tell me a bit more about your relationship D) Evaluate for infertility E) Refer to marital counseling
Answer
(C) “Please tell me a bit more about your relationship”. The husband’s statement about not having time to have sex really does not make sense; sexual intercourse does not take a lot of time. Rather, the lack of sexual intercourse is more likely due to a problem in this couple’s relationship. The primary care doctor deals with the sexual problems of patients; a marital counselor is not necessary at this time. Making specific recommendations such as limiting or scheduling intercourse or a further evaluation for infertility is not useful until the underlying problem in the relationship is identified and managed.
28
Question
What is gender dysphoria?
Answer
A condition where an individual feels they were born into the wrong body, leading to discomfort with their biological sex and desire to live as the opposite gender.
29
Question
How does androgen insensitivity syndrome present in phenotypic females?
Answer
Female phenotype despite male genotype; no Barr bodies, undescended testes in labia, breast development at puberty, no menstruation.
30
Question
What is transvestic fetishism?
Answer
A paraphilic disorder where a man becomes sexually aroused by wearing women's clothing, without interest in changing gender.