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Sugar Derivatives and Glycosides
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Sugar Derivatives and Glycosides
Sugar Derivatives and Glycosides
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1
Question
What are sugar acids?
Answer
Oxidation products of monosaccharides
2
Question
What are uronic acids?
Answer
Sugar acids from oxidation of the last carbon of monosaccharides
3
Question
What monosaccharide yields D-glucuronic acid upon oxidation?
Answer
D-glucose
4
Question
What is the importance of uronic acids?
Answer
Components of many polysaccharides and used in detoxification processes
5
Question
What is L-ascorbic acid?
Answer
Vitamin C, a naturally occurring sugar acid
6
Question
What are sugar alcohols?
Answer
Reduction products of monosaccharides
7
Question
What sugar alcohol is produced from ribose?
Answer
Ribitol
8
Question
What sugar alcohol is produced from glucose?
Answer
Sorbitol
9
Question
What sugar alcohol is produced from galactose?
Answer
Galactitol
10
Question
What sugar alcohol is produced from mannose?
Answer
Mannitol
11
Question
What sugar alcohols can be produced from fructose?
Answer
Sorbitol or mannitol
12
Question
What is the medical use of sorbitol?
Answer
Relieves constipation
13
Question
What is the medical use of mannitol?
Answer
Diuretic in hypertension and edema
14
Question
What are deoxysugars?
Answer
Monosaccharides where a hydroxyl group is replaced by hydrogen
15
Question
What is the most abundant naturally occurring deoxysugar?
Answer
2-Deoxy-D-ribose
16
Question
Where is 2-deoxy-D-ribose found?
Answer
Constituent of DNA
17
Question
What are amino sugars?
Answer
Monosaccharides with hydroxyl at C2 replaced by amino group (NH2), which may be acetylated
18
Question
Name two examples of amino sugars.
Answer
D-glucosamine, D-galactosamine
19
Question
What are amino sugar acids?
Answer
Nine-carbon derivatives of 6-carbon amino sugar linked to 3-carbon acid, amino usually acetylated
20
Question
What is neuraminic acid?
Answer
Mannosamine linked to pyruvic acid
21
Question
What is sialic acid?
Answer
N-acetyl neuraminic acid (NANA)
22
Question
Where is sialic acid present?
Answer
In glycolipids like gangliosides
23
Question
What are glycosides?
Answer
Compounds from condensation between sugar and another sugar or aglycone
24
Question
What types of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides form from sugar-sugar condensation?
Answer
From glycosides
25
Question
What is an aglycone in glycosides?
Answer
Non-sugar component
26
Question
What types of aglycones are common in glycosides?
Answer
Purine/pyrimidine bases, aromatic rings (steroids, bilirubin), proteins, lipids
27
Question
Through which group of the sugar does glycosidic linkage typically occur?
Answer
Anomeric OH group
28
Question
What groups on aglycone can form glycosidic linkages?
Answer
Hydroxyl, thiol, or amino group
29
Question
What is an N-glycosidic bond?
Answer
Bond when sugar attaches to -NH2 on non-sugar molecule
30
Question
What amino acid forms N-glycosidic bond with sugar?
Answer
Asparagine