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Respiratory Digestive Cardiovascular Physiology
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Respiratory Digestive Cardiovascular Physiology
Respiratory Digestive Cardiovascular Physiology
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1
Question
What structures comprise the upper respiratory tract?
Answer
Nose, nasal cavity, mouth, pharynx, larynx
2
Question
What are the main functions of the lower respiratory tract?
Answer
Air conditioning, gas exchange, protection via mucus and cilia
3
Question
How does emphysema damage lung function?
Answer
Injury to smaller airways damages air sacs
4
Question
What characterizes chronic bronchitis?
Answer
Excess mucus production in large airways causing blockages
5
Question
What triggers histamine release in allergies?
Answer
Allergic triggers causing capillary fluid leakage and mucus release
6
Question
What role do gastric juices play in the stomach?
Answer
Digest food and kill harmful bacteria with low pH
7
Question
What happens in the colon of the large intestine?
Answer
Water reabsorption from food contents
8
Question
How does peristalsis function in digestion?
Answer
Involuntary wave-like contractions moving contents forward
9
Question
What initiates the vomiting reflex?
Answer
Chemoreceptor trigger zone activated by nauseous stimuli
10
Question
What defines hyperacidity in the stomach?
Answer
Excess gastric acid production leading to digestive issues
11
Question
What causes gastroesophageal reflux disease?
Answer
Excess indigestion, heartburn, and sour stomach
12
Question
How do ulcers form in the stomach?
Answer
Acid or pepsin penetrates mucosal barrier contacting stomach wall
13
Question
What underlies diarrhea as a symptom?
Answer
Underlying condition causing loose, watery stools
14
Question
What causes constipation?
Answer
Excess water absorption in intestines hardening stool
15
Question
What defines cardiac output?
Answer
Total blood volume pumped by heart per minute
16
Question
What is the inotropic effect on the heart?
Answer
Force of heart contraction or squeeze strength
17
Question
What does the chronotropic effect influence?
Answer
Heart rate regulation
18
Question
What is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)?
Answer
Hormone system regulating blood pressure and electrolyte balance
19
Question
What characterizes atrial fibrillation?
Answer
Rapid, uncoordinated atrial electrical activity causing quivering
20
Question
What defines hypercholesterolemia?
Answer
Excess low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in blood
21
Question
How does coronary artery disease develop?
Answer
Atherosclerosis restricts blood flow to heart
22
Question
What composes atherosclerotic plaque?
Answer
White blood cells, cholesterol, debris, and calcium along artery walls
23
Question
What is hypoxia's impact on tissues?
Answer
Reduced oxygen supply disrupting physiological function
24
Question
What causes ischemia in tissues?
Answer
Blood supply deficiency limiting oxygen and nutrients
25
Question
What triggers angina symptoms?
Answer
Insufficient blood flow and oxygen to heart muscle
26
Question
What defines myocardial infarction?
Answer
Lack of blood flow causing heart muscle cell death
27
Question
How does hypertension damage arteries?
Answer
Chronically elevated pressure erodes arterial walls
28
Question
What is orthostatic hypotension?
Answer
Significant blood pressure drop upon standing due to autonomic interference
29
Question
What causes heart failure?
Answer
Heart's inability to pump blood effectively
30
Question
What defines angioedema?
Answer
Non-pitting deep tissue swelling affecting face, lips, airways