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Introductory Psychology Concepts
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1
Question
What is psychology as a field of study?
Answer
Science of behavior and mental processes
2
Question
What are the two components of behavior?
Answer
Outward actions and reactions; mental processes (internal activity)
3
Question
When did psychology become a separate field?
Answer
About 138 years ago (late 19th century)
4
Question
Who is called the Father of Psychology and why?
Answer
Wilhelm Wundt; first to apply objective measurement and establish a lab
5
Question
What is objective introspection?
Answer
Systematic, unbiased examination of one’s own thoughts and sensations
6
Question
What is structuralism focused on?
Answer
The structure of the mind and its basic elements
7
Question
What is functionalism focused on?
Answer
How the mind allows adaptation to life, work, and play
8
Question
Who introduced functionalism and what did it study?
Answer
William James; mental processes in everyday life
9
Question
Who was Mary Whiton Calkins?
Answer
Student of James; early memory research; first female APA president (1905)
10
Question
Who is called the Father of African American Psychology?
Answer
Francis Cecil Sumner
11
Question
What are the three influential approaches mentioned in page 2?
Answer
Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, Behaviorism
12
Question
What does Gestalt psychology emphasize?
Answer
The whole is greater than the sum of its parts; patterns and configurations
13
Question
What is the basic idea of psychoanalysis?
Answer
Unconscious mind drives behavior; early experiences matter
14
Question
What are the three components of Freud’s structural model?
Answer
Ego, Id, Superego
15
Question
What is phobia according to psychoanalysis?
Answer
Irrational fear as a symptom of repressed conflict
16
Question
What does behaviorism prioritize in psychology?
Answer
Observable behavior; measured actions
17
Question
Who are two key figures in behaviorism?
Answer
Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson
18
Question
What did Pavlov demonstrate with dogs?
Answer
Classical conditioning: reflexes conditioned to neutral stimuli
19
Question
What is the main claim about behavior according to Watson?
Answer
All behavior is learned; unconscious motivation not necessary
20
Question
What is the modern psychodynamic perspective focused on?
Answer
Self-development, motivations beyond sex, social relations
21
Question
What is operant conditioning?
Answer
Learning through consequences; reinforcement strengthens behavior
22
Question
Who proposed operant conditioning?
Answer
B. F. Skinner
23
Question
What does Maslow's hierarchy emphasize?
Answer
Self-actualization and full potential; human motivation
24
Question
What is Carl Rogers associated with?
Answer
Humanistic psychology; client-centered therapy
25
Question
What does cognitive psychology study?
Answer
Memory, perception, problem solving, learning
26
Question
What is cognitive neuroscience?
Answer
Brain and nervous system changes during thinking (MRI, fMRI, PET)
27
Question
What does sociocultural perspective examine?
Answer
How social and cultural contexts influence thinking and behavior
28
Question
What is the bystander effect attributed to?
Answer
Diffusion of responsibility in groups
29
Question
What is biopsychology also known as?
Answer
Behavioral neuroscience or physiological psychology
30
Question
What does evolutionary perspective propose about the mind?
Answer
Mental traits evolved to solve problems faced by ancestors