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Philosophical Views on the Self
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1
Question
Why is understanding the self essential according to philosophical inquiry?
Answer
To know oneself and attain wisdom and virtue
2
Question
What did Socrates emphasize as the true task of the philosopher?
Answer
To know oneself through systematic questioning
3
Question
What famous quote did Socrates use during his trial?
Answer
The unexamined life is not worth living
4
Question
How did Socrates view the role of questioning in self-discovery?
Answer
As a gadfly to disturb and awaken to truth
5
Question
What are the two main components of the human person in Socrates' view?
Answer
Body and soul
6
Question
How does Socrates describe the body in relation to the soul?
Answer
Imperfect and impermanent aspect of personhood
7
Question
What is the soul's nature according to Socrates?
Answer
Perfect and permanent
8
Question
Who was Plato's teacher and how did his ideas influence Plato?
Answer
Socrates, influencing dualism of body and soul
9
Question
What three components did Plato add to the soul?
Answer
Rational, spirited, and appetitive souls
10
Question
According to Plato, how is justice attained in the human person?
Answer
Harmonious functioning of the three soul parts
11
Question
What governs the human person in Plato's philosophy?
Answer
The rational soul using reason and intellect
12
Question
How does Plato describe the spirited soul?
Answer
In charge of emotions, needs to be controlled
13
Question
What does the appetitive soul control in Plato's view?
Answer
Base desires like eating, drinking, and sex
14
Question
What medieval philosopher infused Plato's ideas with Christianity?
Answer
Augustine
15
Question
How does Augustine view the human person's nature?
Answer
Bifurcated: body in world, soul yearning for Divine
16
Question
What is the body's fate in Augustine's philosophy?
Answer
Bound to die on earth
17
Question
What is the soul's destination according to Augustine?
Answer
Eternal communion with God after death
18
Question
How does Augustine describe the goal of human life?
Answer
Attain bliss with the Divine through virtuous living
19
Question
Who adapted Aristotle's ideas into Christian philosophy on the self?
Answer
Thomas Aquinas
20
Question
What two parts compose man according to Aquinas?
Answer
Matter (hyle) and form (morphe)
21
Question
What does matter refer to in Aquinas' view?
Answer
Common stuff making up everything, including the body
22
Question
What is form or morphe in Aquinas' philosophy?
Answer
Essence that makes a thing what it is
23
Question
How does Aquinas describe the soul's role?
Answer
Animates the body and defines humanity
24
Question
Who is known as the Father of Modern Philosophy?
Answer
Rene Descartes
25
Question
What method did Descartes use to establish certain knowledge?
Answer
Methodical doubt
26
Question
What is Descartes' famous conclusion from doubt?
Answer
Cogito ergo sum: I think, therefore I am
27
Question
What two entities compose the self in Descartes' view?
Answer
Mind (cogito) and body (extensa)
28
Question
How does Descartes view the body?
Answer
As a machine attached to the mind
29
Question
What activities define the thinking thing for Descartes?
Answer
Doubting, understanding, affirming, denying, willing
30
Question
Who was an empiricist philosopher arguing against a unified self?
Answer
David Hume