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Psychology Research Methods Biases Neuroscience
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1
Question
What is a predictor variable in psychological research?
Answer
Variable used to forecast or explain another variable
2
Question
How does confirmation bias affect decision-making?
Answer
Accepting only belief-confirming information prematurely
3
Question
What characterizes hindsight bias?
Answer
Believing outcome was predictable after it occurs
4
Question
What is hindsight bias also known as?
Answer
Creeping determinism
5
Question
What is the Dunning-Kruger Effect?
Answer
Low-competency people overestimate abilities, while people with high-competency in a certain field tend to underestimate their ability
6
Question
How does the Lake Wobegon Effect/Illusory Superiority manifest?
Answer
Belief in being above average in most traits
7
Question
What is embodied cognition according to Plato?
Answer
Thought processes intertwined with bodily experiences
8
Question
What is structuralism?
Answer
Created by William Wundt - everything can be broken down to the most basic elements
9
Question
Why did structuralism fail methodologically?
Answer
Relied on introspection breaking down experiences
10
Question
What is the Gestalt theory?
Answer
It opposes structuralism by saying that perception is subjective and influenced by context, therefore the whole perception not sum of parts
11
Question
What debate involves nature versus nurture in psychology?
Answer
Genetic influences vs environmental shaping behavior
12
Question
What is priming?
Answer
Unconscious environmental cues affect decisions
13
Question
What are the three criteria for a valid hypothesis?
Answer
1. Falsfiable, 2. testable, 3. parsimonius
14
Question
Why must hypotheses be parsimonious?
Answer
Minimize assumptions for simplicity
15
Question
What is a case study in observational research?
Answer
In-depth analysis of single individual or event
16
Question
How do scatterplots reveal correlational designs?
Answer
Graph relationships between two variables
17
Question
What bias affects self-esteem scales like Rosenberg's?
Answer
Social desirability leading to positive self-presentation
18
Question
What indicates spurious correlation in scatterplots?
Answer
Statistically related but causally nonsensical link
19
Question
Why does directionality problem arise in correlations?
Answer
Unclear which variable causes the other
20
Question
What are the pros and cons of observational studies?
Answer
Good external validity for generalization, bad internal validity for accuracy of results
21
Question
What limits internal validity in observational studies?
Answer
Bias, third variables, and spurious correlations
22
Question
How do experiments ensure internal validity?
Answer
Control over variables establishes cause-effect
23
Question
What is the Hawthorne effect in experiments?
Answer
Behavior change due to awareness of observation
24
Question
How does double-blind procedure fix the experiemntal expectancy effect?
Answer
Hides expectations from both participants and researchers
25
Question
What are demand characteristics in experiments?
Answer
cues in an experiment that make participants aware of what the researcher expects or wants. Once participants pick up on these cues, they may change their behavior (consciously or unconsciously) to fit those expectations.
26
Question
What does construct validity assess?
Answer
Whether test measures intended psychological construct
27
Question
How does internal validity relate to directionality?
Answer
Ensures clear cause-effect without reverse causation
28
Question
What fixes selection bias and confouding variables in experiments?
Answer
Random assignment to groups
29
Question
What can you do after an experiment if you want to measure applicability?
Answer
do an observational study based on that experimental study to test applicability.
30
Question
What is an operational definition?
Answer
Concrete, measurable way to define abstract variable