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Intro Cognitive Neuroscience and Neurons
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1
Question
What is cognitive neuroscience concerned with?
Answer
Biological substrates underlying cognition and neural substrates of mental processes
2
Question
Which disciplines does cognitive neuroscience overlap with?
Answer
Psychology, neuroscience, physiological psychology, cognitive psychology, neuropsychology
3
Question
What does cognition include broadly?
Answer
Attention, memory, working memory, judgment, evaluation, reasoning, computation, problem solving, language processing
4
Question
What is Thomas Willis known for?
Answer
Linking brain damage to behavioral deficits and brain information transfer theories
5
Question
What was Franz Joseph Gall best known for founding?
Answer
Phrenology (shape and bumps of the skull reflecting brain areas)
6
Question
What did Broca demonstrate about language?
Answer
Left frontal lobe is responsible for articulate speech through brain lesions in a stroke patient
7
Question
What did Brodmann contribute to neuroscience?
Answer
Cytoarchitectonics and 52 brain regions in the mammalian cortex
8
Question
Who founded the concept associated with a brain-to-body mapping diagram often called the Homunculus?
Answer
Wilder Penfield
9
Question
What is the basic functional unit of the nervous system?
Answer
Neuron
10
Question
What signals do neurons use to communicate besides electrical impulses?
Answer
Chemical signals (neurotransmitters) at synapses
11
Question
Which part of the neuron receives signals from other neurons?
Answer
Dendrites
12
Question
What is the function of the axon?
Answer
Carry electrical impulses away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands
13
Question
What is the myelin sheath?
Answer
Insulation around some axons that speeds neural impulses
14
Question
Where are sensory neurons located and what do they do?
Answer
In sensory organs; carry information to the CNS
15
Question
Where do motor neurons transmit impulses to?
Answer
To muscles and glands
16
Question
What is the role of interneurons?
Answer
Connect neurons within the brain and spinal cord to integrate information
17
Question
Which brain regions are labeled in the diagram related to motor and sensory processing?
Answer
Somatosensory cortex, Motor cortex, Left and Right
18
Question
What is the basic functional unit of the nervous system responsible for receiving and transmitting information?
Answer
Neuron (nerve cell)
19
Question
What are the three main structural components of a neuron mentioned in the text?
Answer
Cell body (soma), Dendrites, Axon
20
Question
What is the function of dendrites in a neuron?
Answer
Receive signals from other neurons
21
Question
What is the role of the axon in neural communication?
Answer
Carries electrical impulses away from the cell body
22
Question
What is the myelin sheath and its function?
Answer
Myelin sheath covers the axon and speeds impulses
23
Question
What are the threeTypes of neurons listed and their primary roles?
Answer
Sensory, Motor, Interneurons
24
Question
What does neuronal membrane permeability refer to in the context of action potentials?
Answer
Selective permeability of the membrane controlling ion flow
25
Question
What ion pump maintains resting ion gradients across the neuron's membrane?
Answer
Na⁺/K⁺ pump
26
Question
What is the threshold potential for triggering an action potential as stated?
Answer
-55 mV
27
Question
Name the sequence of events in the classic action potential as outlined.
Answer
Resting potential → threshold → Na⁺ influx → interior positive → Na⁺ inactivation → K⁺ efflux → undershoot → return to resting
28
Question
What does the diagram label as the term for the interior of the neuron?
Answer
Neuron interior
29
Question
What term refers to the neuron's outer boundary described in the image labels?
Answer
Plasma membrane
30
Question
What maintains the resting membrane potential in neurons by actively pumping ions?
Answer
Na+/K+ pump maintains resting potential by exchanging Na+ out and K+ in.