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Macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins
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1
Question
Name three common disaccharides formed from glucose, fructose, and galactose.
Answer
Maltose, Sucrose, Lactose
2
Question
What type of linkage connects glucose molecules in maltose?
Answer
1-4 glycosidic linkage
3
Question
What is glycogen primarily composed of, and where is it stored?
Answer
Glucose units; stored in animals (liver and muscle)
4
Question
What are the two categories of carbohydrates that are long chains of sugars?
Answer
Oligosaccharides and polysaccharides
5
Question
What is the difference between oligosaccharides and polysaccharides in terms of chain length?
Answer
Oligosaccharides are short chains; polysaccharides are long chains
6
Question
Which lipid category is hydrophobic and stores long-term energy in organisms?
Answer
Fats (triglycerides)
7
Question
What are the major roles of lipids in cells besides energy storage?
Answer
Building blocks of hormones and components of the plasma membrane
8
Question
What is a long chain of monosaccharides linked by covalent bonds called?
Answer
Polysaccharide
9
Question
What form of carbohydrate storage is described for long-term energy in plants?
Answer
Starch
10
Question
Which carbohydrate is the storage polysaccharide in animals?
Answer
Glycogen
11
Question
What is the subunit configuration for amylose and amylopectin in starch?
Answer
Amylose: α-glucose; Amylopectin: α-glucose
12
Question
Which type of glycosidic bonds characterize amylose?
Answer
1-4 bonds
13
Question
Which type of glycosidic bonds characterize amylopectin and glycogen besides 1-4?
Answer
1-6 bonds (branch points)
14
Question
Do amylose and glycogen have branches? If so, how frequently?
Answer
Amylose: no branches; Glycogen: yes, frequent (~every 10 subunits)
15
Question
Are plant starches primarily composed of amylose and amylopectin or other forms?
Answer
Myriad plant starches, dominated by amylose and amylopectin
16
Question
What is the relative location of α and β glucose in structural diagrams for glucose forms?
Answer
α-Glucose vs β-Glucose configurations
17
Question
What are the main functions of lipids in cells?
Answer
Energy storage, membrane structure, hormone components
18
Question
Why are lipids hydrophobic and insoluble in water?
Answer
They are nonpolar
19
Question
Name a major category of lipids included in cell membranes and signaling molecules.
Answer
Phospholipids
20
Question
What do triglycerides production and fatty acid synthesis involve in animals when carbohydrate is in excess?
Answer
Lipogenesis converting acetyl-CoA to fatty acids and esterifying them into triglycerides
21
Question
What enzyme family is responsible for fatty acid synthesis in lipogenesis?
Answer
Fatty acid synthases
22
Question
What are saturated fatty acids characterized by in their hydrocarbon tails?
Answer
No double bonds
23
Question
What distinguishes unsaturated fatty acids from saturated ones in the chain?
Answer
Presence of one or more double bonds creating kinks
24
Question
In micelle formation, what drives the solubilization of oil in water?
Answer
Amphipathic arrangements surrounding oil droplets
25
Question
What is the basic event depicted by micelles in solubilizing oil and water?
Answer
Hydrophobic cores of oil enclosed by hydrophilic surfactant interface
26
Question
What is a protein and why are they diverse in function?
Answer
Proteins are macromolecules formed from amino acids; diverse due to 20 different amino acids and sequence possibilities
27
Question
Give two representative functions of proteins mentioned in the text.
Answer
Enzymes and hormones
28
Question
What is the fundamental structure of an amino acid?
Answer
A central carbon bonded to amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen, and an R group
29
Question
How many amino acids form proteins in living systems?
Answer
Twenty
30
Question
What is the R group in amino acids responsible for?
Answer
Determines amino acid identity and properties