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Renal System and Transplantation Review
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Renal System and Transplantation Review
Renal System and Transplantation Review
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1
Question
Where are the kidneys located?
Answer
Posterior abdominal wall, retroperitoneal, T12-L3 near iliac crest
2
Question
What is the approximate weight of a healthy kidney?
Answer
About 150 grams
3
Question
What percentage of cardiac output do kidneys receive at rest?
Answer
About 20%
4
Question
What percentage of cardiac output do kidneys receive under stress?
Answer
About 2-4%
5
Question
How many nephrons are typically in one kidney?
Answer
About 1 million per kidney
6
Question
What are the three steps of urine formation in the nephron?
Answer
Filtration, reabsorption, excretion
7
Question
What does reabsorption primarily involve in the nephron?
Answer
Reabsorption of water and essential ions back into blood (via peritubular capillaries)
8
Question
What are the main structures of the nephron listed?
Answer
Glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
9
Question
What is the role of the proximal convoluted tubule?
Answer
Reabsorption (including glucose and sodium) into blood
10
Question
What is a key function of the glomerulus described?
Answer
Filtration of water and solutes, excluding blood cells and large proteins
11
Question
What is the collecting tubule's final role in urine formation?
Answer
Final water reabsorption under ADH control
12
Question
What is the estimated bladder capacity of an adult?
Answer
300-500 mL
13
Question
What hormone system regulates urine volume and BP via sodium and water balance?
Answer
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) with ADH involvement
14
Question
What cell type secretes renin in RAAS?
Answer
Juxtaglomerular (densa) cells
15
Question
What hormone converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I?
Answer
Renin (precursor to angiotensin I)
16
Question
What is the effect of angiotensin II?
Answer
Increases blood pressure via vasoconstriction and stimulates aldosterone release
17
Question
What is the phrase that links sodium and water movement?
Answer
Where sodium goes, water follows
18
Question
What is the common cause and route of cystitis?
Answer
Ascending bacterial infection (E. coli); transurethral route
19
Question
Name a common predisposing factor for cystitis in women?
Answer
Increased estrogen levels
20
Question
What are some recommended methods to manage itching and discomfort?
Answer
Antihistamine for pruritus; bath oils; creams or lotion.
21
Question
Why should nails be kept trimmed for dialysis patients?
Answer
To avoid scratching and excoriation.
22
Question
What skin care practice helps comfort without scratching?
Answer
Applying lotion to the skin.
23
Question
Why are antihypertensive medications withheld before dialysis?
Answer
To prevent hypertension from combined dialysis and meds.
24
Question
What is essential for preventing infection at the catheter site?
Answer
Care of the catheter site; keep exit site dry and secure.
25
Question
What activities should be avoided to protect the venous access site during bathing?
Answer
Exit site should not be submerged in bath water.
26
Question
What are common vascular access complications?
Answer
Poor blood flow, clotting, infection, pseudoaneurysm/aneurysm, hand ischemia, potential heart failure.
27
Question
What does renal transplantation involve?
Answer
Transplanting a kidney from living or deceased donor.
28
Question
What is a key feature of the Philippines' Organ Donation Act of 1991 context in this material?
Answer
Legislation related to organ donation.
29
Question
From which donors can organs be sourced according to the material?
Answer
Living related, living unrelated (emotionally related, husband/wife, best friend), deceased donors.
30
Question
What are common pre-operative nursing care steps for transplantation listed?
Answer
Complete physical, tissue typing, blood typing, antibody screening, psychosocial evaluation, patient teaching.