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Cardiac Anatomy Physiology and Valvular Disease Review
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Cardiac Anatomy Physiology and Valvular Disease Review
Cardiac Anatomy Physiology and Valvular Disease Review
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1
Question
Name the three layers of the heart in order from inside to outside.
Answer
Endocardium, Myocardium, Epicardium
2
Question
What is the visceral pericardium attached to?
Answer
Epicardium (the outer surface of the heart)
3
Question
Which heart layer houses the coronary arteries?
Answer
Epicardium
4
Question
Define diastole.
Answer
Relaxation of the ventricles allowing filling
5
Question
Where is the apical impulse (PMI) located?
Answer
15th intercostal space, left mid-clavicular line
6
Question
What is cardiac output (CO) and its typical resting value?
Answer
Volume of blood ejected per minute; about 5 L/min
7
Question
What does heart rate measure?
Answer
Number of ventricular contractions per minute
8
Question
List the three factors that affect stroke volume.
Answer
Preload, contractility, afterload
9
Question
What is preload in cardiac physiology?
Answer
Myocardial stretch at end of diastole before contraction
10
Question
What is Starling's law?
Answer
The more the heart fills during diastole, the stronger the contraction (higher preload)
11
Question
Which heart sound corresponds to the closure of the atrioventricular valves and where is it loudest?
Answer
S1; loudest at the apex of the heart
12
Question
Which heart sound occurs with the closure of the semilunar valves and where is it loudest?
Answer
S2; loudest at the base of the heart
13
Question
Under what condition might an S3 be heard, and in whom can it be normal?
Answer
Reduced ventricular wall compliance (e.g., heart failure or valvular regurgitation); normal in individuals younger than 30
14
Question
Define automaticity in cardiac electrophysiology.
Answer
Ability to initiate an electrical impulse by itself
15
Question
Where is the SA node located and what is its function?
Answer
Location: junction of superior vena cava and right atrium; Function: natural pacemaker of the heart
16
Question
What is the typical intrinsic rate of the AV node?
Answer
40-60 beats per minute
17
Question
What is mitral regurgitation?
Answer
Incompetent mitral valve leak during systole
18
Question
What is mitral valve prolapse?
Answer
Leaflets bulge into left atrium during systole
19
Question
What characterizes aortic stenosis?
Answer
Thickened/narrowed aortic valve opening
20
Question
What is aortic insufficiency?
Answer
Incompetent aortic valve causing diastolic leakage
21
Question
What causes mitral stenosis commonly?
Answer
Rheumatic endocarditis
22
Question
What happens to the left atrium and pulmonary pressure in mitral stenosis?
Answer
Left atrial dilation and increased pulmonary pressure
23
Question
What are two common clinical signs of mitral stenosis?
Answer
Low-pitched diastolic murmur; dyspnea on exertion
24
Question
What is the nursing management position to ease breathing in mitral stenosis patients?
Answer
High Fowler's position
25
Question
What is a key nursing concern after mitral valve surgery?
Answer
Monitor for pulmonary edema, thrombus, arrhythmias
26
Question
What does afterload reduction target in mitral regurgitation management?
Answer
Arterial dilation to reduce afterload
27
Question
Which drug class helps in mitral regurgitation by reducing afterload?
Answer
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
28
Question
What is the basic definition of aortic regurgitation?
Answer
Blood flows back into the left ventricle during diastole
29
Question
Name common etiologies of aortic regurgitation.
Answer
Rheumatic endocarditis, congenital abnormalities, syphilis
30
Question
What is a frequent symptom of aortic regurgitation?
Answer
Forceful heartbeats (head/neck) and visible carotid pulsations