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Hematology Core Facts
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Hematology Core Facts
Hematology Core Facts
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1
Question
What comprises plasma in blood and what is its approximate volume share?
Answer
Plasma is the fluid portion; about 55% of blood volume
2
Question
Which blood component fights infection?
Answer
White blood cells (leukocytes)
3
Question
What is the major function of neutrophils?
Answer
Phagocytosis to prevent or limit bacterial infection
4
Question
What is the function of monocytes when they enter tissue?
Answer
Become macrophages; highly phagocytic, immune surveillance
5
Question
What is the primary function of T lymphocytes?
Answer
Cell-mediated immunity
6
Question
What is the primary oxygen-carrying cell and its lifespan?
Answer
Red blood cells; ~120 days
7
Question
What is hematocrit and its typical values for males and females?
Answer
Proportion of blood volume occupied by red cells; Male 42–52%, Female 35–47%
8
Question
What is the typical normal platelet count range listed?
Answer
150,000–450,000/mm3
9
Question
Name three predisposing factors for IDA.
Answer
Chronic blood loss, inadequate dietary iron, impaired iron absorption
10
Question
List three common clinical manifestations of IDA.
Answer
Fatigue, pallor, smooth tongue
11
Question
What is Plummer-Vinson syndrome in the context of IDA?
Answer
Atrophic glossitis, stomatitis, dysphagia from tongue/papilla atrophy
12
Question
What symptom is described as cerebral hypoxia in IDA?
Answer
Dizziness and dyspnea
13
Question
Name two predisposing factors for iron deficiency anemia.
Answer
Chronic blood loss; Inadequate Fe2+ in the diet
14
Question
List three clinical manifestations of iron deficiency anemia.
Answer
Fatigue/Easy fatigability; Koilonychia (brittle hair, spoon-shaped nails); Pallor or fatigue
15
Question
What symptom is associated with angular cheilosis in IDA?
Answer
Ulceration at the corners of the mouth
16
Question
What is the standard management approach for IDA according to the document?
Answer
Correction of chronic blood loss and iron therapy (oral or parenteral)
17
Question
Which iron supplements are listed in the document?
Answer
FeSO4, Fe2+ gluconate, Fe2+ fumarate
18
Question
What are common side effects to monitor with iron therapy?
Answer
Anorexia, nausea/vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea/constipation, black stools
19
Question
What predisposing factors contribute to B12 malabsorption listed in the document?
Answer
Unknown cause, subtotal gastrectomy, hereditary, ileal inflammation (Crohn's disease), absence of intrinsic factor, strict vegetarian diet
20
Question
What diagnostic procedure confirms B12 absorption issues using a radioactive tracer?
Answer
Schilling test (urine excretion of radioactive B12)
21
Question
What is a key dietary recommendation for B12 deficiency management in the document?
Answer
Increase carbohydrates, protein, iron, and vitamin C
22
Question
What condition is described as megaloblastic anemia due to folic acid deficiency with risk factors including alcoholism and malabsorption?
Answer
Folic acid deficiency anemia
23
Question
What is the initial daily folic acid dose recommended for deficiency treatment?
Answer
1 mg of folic acid daily
24
Question
Name two predisposing factors for aplastic anemia listed.
Answer
Chemicals (benzene derivatives, pesticides) and radiation
25
Question
What are common clinical manifestations of aplastic anemia related to pancytopenia?
Answer
Pallor, weakness, fatigue, dyspnea, palpitations; infections with leukopenia; bleeding due to thrombocytopenia
26
Question
What nursing actions are advised for patients with aplastic anemia?
Answer
Immunosuppressant administration, blood transfusions, complete bed rest, oxygen administration, infection risk reduction teaching
27
Question
Name two predisposing chemical factors for aplastic anemia.
Answer
Benzene and its derivatives; pesticides
28
Question
List two chemotherapeutic agents associated with aplastic anemia.
Answer
Methotrexate; Nitrogen mustard
29
Question
What are common clinical manifestations of aplastic anemia related to red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets?
Answer
Pallor and fatigue (RBC); infections (WBC); bleeding/petechiae (platelets)
30
Question
What CBC findings are typical in aplastic anemia?
Answer
Pancytopenia: decreased RBCs, WBCs, and platelets