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Pediatrics Neuro and Genetic Disorders Review
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Pediatrics Neuro and Genetic Disorders Review
Pediatrics Neuro and Genetic Disorders Review
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1
Question
What medications may be administered for meningitis as prescribed?
Answer
Diuretics, antibiotics, anticonvulsants
2
Question
What organism commonly causes bacterial meningitis in children?
Answer
Haemophilus influenzae type B; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Neisseria meningitidis
3
Question
What type of diagnostic test is used to diagnose meningitis?
Answer
Lumbar puncture (CSF analysis)
4
Question
What CSF findings are typical in bacterial meningitis?
Answer
Cloudy CSF, increased protein, decreased glucose
5
Question
What is the drug of choice for treating bacterial meningitis as listed?
Answer
Penicillin G
6
Question
What is the difference between meningitis and encephalitis?
Answer
Meningitis inflames brain membranes; encephalitis inflames the brain itself
7
Question
Which sign indicates neck stiffness in meningitis patients?
Answer
Nuchal rigidity
8
Question
What is Kernig’s sign?
Answer
Inability to extend the leg when the thigh is flexed at the hip
9
Question
What is Brudzinski sign?
Answer
Neck flexion causing hip/knee movements
10
Question
What are common etiologies of cerebral palsy?
Answer
Anoxia to the brain; infection
11
Question
What are the three main types of cerebral palsy?
Answer
Spastic; Athetoid; Ataxic
12
Question
What gait is associated with spastic cerebral palsy?
Answer
Scissor-like gait
13
Question
Name common signs of cerebral palsy in infants.
Answer
Abnormal posturing; difficulty feeding; tremors/seizures; persistence of primitive reflexes
14
Question
What treatments are used for cerebral palsy?
Answer
Exercises (passive/active); muscle relaxants; anticonvulsants; tranquilizers; braces; ambulation devices
15
Question
What nursing goals support cerebral palsy patients?
Answer
Adequate nutrition; maximum mobility; development of self-help skills; safety during ambulation
16
Question
What genetic condition is characterized by trisomy 21?
Answer
Down syndrome
17
Question
What karyotype is typical in Down syndrome?
Answer
47 chromosomes (trisomy 21) as opposed to 46
18
Question
What maternal factor is associated with higher risk of Down syndrome?
Answer
Advanced maternal age
19
Question
Name facial features often seen in Down syndrome.
Answer
Wide-set eyes, flat nasal bridge, large tongue
20
Question
What are common congenital problems associated with Down syndrome?
Answer
VSD; Hirschsprung’s disease; leukemia
21
Question
What cognitive range is often observed in Down syndrome?
Answer
IQ from severely retarded to 50–70 (varies)
22
Question
What gait pattern results from corticospinal involvement leading to one foot crossing in front of the other?
Answer
Scissor gait (cerebral palsy)
23
Question
Which type of CP involves basal ganglia causing uncoordinated involuntary motion?
Answer
Athetoid CP
24
Question
Which type of CP results from cerebellar involvement causing poor balance and coordination?
Answer
Ataxic CP
25
Question
What are early infant signs of cerebral palsy?
Answer
Abnormal posturing, difficulty feeding, tremors/seizures, persistence of primitive reflexes
26
Question
What might delayed motor development indicate in infants?
Answer
Possible cerebral palsy or neurodevelopmental delay
27
Question
What are common treatment modalities for cerebral palsy?
Answer
Exercises (passive and active), muscle relaxants, anti-convulsants, tranquilizers; braces and ambulation devices
28
Question
Name nursing care priorities for a child with cerebral palsy.
Answer
Promote adequate nutrition, maximize mobility and self-help skills, ensure safety during ambulation
29
Question
What chromosomal abnormality characterizes Down syndrome?
Answer
Trisomy 21 (47 chromosomes)
30
Question
Which maternal factor is associated with higher risk of Down syndrome?
Answer
Increased/advanced maternal age