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Nursing Theories and Models Summary
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1
Question
Who defined nursing as the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and the prevention of illness?
Answer
American Nursing Association (2003)
2
Question
What did Florence Nightingale emphasize in her Environmental Theory?
Answer
Use of patient environment to aid recovery (five factors)
3
Question
List the five environmental factors in Nightingale's theory.
Answer
Pure air, pure water, efficient drainage, cleanliness, light
4
Question
What happens when the five Nightingale environmental factors are deficient?
Answer
Leads to lack of health or illness
5
Question
What is Virginia Henderson known for in nursing theory?
Answer
The Nature of Nursing Model with 14 Fundamental Needs
6
Question
Name three of Henderson's fundamental needs.
Answer
Breathing normally; Eating and drinking adequately; Eliminating body wastes
7
Question
How many fundamental needs are outlined in Henderson's model?
Answer
Fourteen
8
Question
What is the focus of Faye Glenn Abdellah’s patient-centered model?
Answer
Identifies 21 nursing problems and views nursing as a service to individuals and families
9
Question
What does Dorothy E. Johnson’s Behavioral System Model describe the person as?
Answer
A behavioral system with seven subsystems
10
Question
What are the general aims of nursing according to the provided definitions?
Answer
Protection, promotion, and optimization of health; prevention of illness; alleviation of suffering; advocacy in care
11
Question
Who is regarded as the first nursing theorist and what is her influential theory?
Answer
Florence Nightingale; Environmental Theory
12
Question
List the five environmental factors in Nightingale's theory.
Answer
Pure/fresh air, pure water, efficient drainage, cleanliness, light (direct sunlight)
13
Question
What deficiency in Nightingale's environmental factors leads to illness?
Answer
Deficiencies in the five environmental factors
14
Question
What is Virginia Henderson known for in nursing theory?
Answer
Nature of Nursing Model and 14 Fundamental Needs
15
Question
Name three of Henderson's fundamental needs.
Answer
Breathing normally; Eating and drinking adequately; Eliminating body wastes
16
Question
What does Henderson’s model emphasize for the nurse's role?
Answer
Assisting individuals to gain independence in meeting fundamental needs
17
Question
How many fundamental needs are described by Henderson?
Answer
14
18
Question
What is Faye Glenn Abdellah known for in nursing theory?
Answer
Patient-centered approaches; identifies 21 nursing problems; nursing as service to individuals and families
19
Question
Which model did Dorothy E. Johnson develop and what is its focus?
Answer
Behavioral System Model; focuses on seven subsystems (Injective, Eliminative, Affiliative, Aggressive, Dependence, Achievement, Sexual and role identity)
20
Question
Name the seven subsystems in Johnson’s Behavioral System Model.
Answer
Injective, Eliminative, Affiliative, Aggressive, Dependence, Achievement, Sexual and role identity
21
Question
What is Imogene King’s Theory of Goal Attainment about?
Answer
Nursing as an interaction process leading to goal attainment among three systems: operational, interpersonal, social
22
Question
In King’s theory, what are the three interacting systems?
Answer
Operational system, Interpersonal system, Social system
23
Question
What is Madeleine Leininger’s main focus in transcultural nursing?
Answer
Culture care diversity and universality; caring expressions vary by culture
24
Question
What are the three intervention modes in Leininger’s culture care framework?
Answer
Culture care preservation and maintenance; culture care accommodation/negotiation; culture care restructuring and re-patterning
25
Question
What does Myra E. Levine’s Four Conservation Principles aim to protect?
Answer
Unity and integrity of the individual: conservation of energy, structural integrity, personal integrity, and social integrity
26
Question
List Levine’s four conservation principles.
Answer
Conservation of energy; Conservation of structural integrity; Conservation of personal integrity; Conservation of social integrity
27
Question
What is Betty Neuman’s core focus in nursing theory?
Answer
Health Care System Model; nursing interventions to maintain system stability amid stressors (intrapersonal, interpersonal, and extrapersonal)
28
Question
What are the three types of stressors Neuman emphasizes?
Answer
Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, Extrapersonal
29
Question
What autorecognition framework did Dorothea Orem propose?
Answer
Self-care and Self-care deficit Nursing Theory
30
Question
What are the three nursing systems in Orem’s theory?
Answer
Wholly compensatory; Partly compensatory; Supervisory/Supportive-Educative