/
Early Modern Science and Philosophy
Save to my account
Sign up
Early Modern Science and Philosophy
Early Modern Science and Philosophy
Study
1
Question
What does Antístenes and Diógenes advocate about society?
Answer
Return to nature; reject societal distortions.
2
Question
What is Epicurus' view on pleasure source?
Answer
Pleasure from a balanced life, not excess or deprivation.
3
Question
What characterizes Zenón de Citio's Stoicism?
Answer
Live in accordance with nature and accept fate.
4
Question
What was Martin Luther's stance on religious responsibility?
Answer
Personal religion; individuals responsible only to God.
5
Question
What did Montaigne question about knowledge?
Answer
Possibility of absolute or precise knowledge.
6
Question
What common ground did Erasmus and Montaigne share about theology?
Answer
Both found Catholic and Protestant theologies indefensible rationally.
7
Question
What was Copernicus' major claim?
Answer
Sun-centered solar system; Earth orbits the Sun.
8
Question
What did Copernicus argue in De Revolutionibus?
Answer
Heliocentric model; Earth orbits Sun.
9
Question
Who proposed heliocentrism before Copernicus?
Answer
Aristarchus of Samos.
10
Question
What justified accepting heliocentrism according to Copernicus?
Answer
Astronomical facts fit a simpler, harmonious mathematical order.
11
Question
What did Copernicus argue in De Revolutionibus regarding Earth's position in the solar system?
Answer
Earth orbits the Sun (heliocentric model)
12
Question
What celestial arrangement did Kepler discover about planetary orbits?
Answer
Orbits are elliptical, not circular
13
Question
What did Galileo conclude about falling bodies and the order of the universe?
Answer
All bodies fall at the same speed; the universe is orderly and measurable by mathematics
14
Question
What did Descartes identify as the method for obtaining knowledge, as stated in his foundational writings?
Answer
Doubt leads to thinking; cogito; introspection as a valid method
15
Question
What concept did Descartes derive from his doubt and the statement ‘Cogito, ergo sum’?
Answer
Self-aware thinking; existence of the thinking self
16
Question
What did Descartes believe about sensory information and knowledge of mathematics?
Answer
Sensory information is trustworthy; knowledge is mathematical and certain
17
Question
What rule did Descartes propose for acquiring knowledge about difficulties?
Answer
Divide difficulties into smaller parts (analysis) for easier solution
18
Question
What concept did Harvey demonstrate about the heart’s function?
Answer
The heart is a pump moving blood through arteries and veins
19
Question
What did Harvey’s discovery imply about circulation?
Answer
Blood circulates as a connected system from heart to body and back
20
Question
How did Descartes view the mind’s role in human rationality compared to animals?
Answer
Humans possess mind, consciousness, free will, and rationality; animals do not
21
Question
What early idea connects sensory receptors to nerves through mechanical action, per the hydraulic model?
Answer
Sensory receptors act like levers pulling cords in nerves, enabling fluid movement
22
Question
Who proposed rules for acquiring knowledge, including never accepting something as true unless evidently true, dividing difficulties, thinking logically from simple to complex, and making complete enumerations?
Answer
René Descartes
23
Question
What did Descartes mean by 'clear' information?
Answer
Information is clearly represented in consciousness
24
Question
What did Descartes mean by 'distinct' experience?
Answer
Conscious experience that cannot be doubted or split for analysis
25
Question
What did William Harvey demonstrate about the heart's function?
Answer
The heart is a pump circulating blood through arteries, to veins, to lungs, and back to arteries
26
Question
How did the early study described compare sensory receptors to mechanical levers?
Answer
Receptors acted like levers; when stimulated they pulled cords in nerves
27
Question
What did pulling the cords in nerves supposedly cause in the brain?
Answer
Open pores allowing animal spirits to move along nerves to muscles, causing expansion
28
Question
What term did the described observation later come to be called, important in psychology?
Answer
Reflex
29
Question
What overall conclusion did the author reach about animal and human behavior in mechanical terms?
Answer
All animal behavior and internal processes could be explained mechanically (hydraulic model)
30
Question
What key difference between humans and other animals did Descartes identify?
Answer
Only humans possessed a mind with consciousness, free will, and rationality