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Respiratory Physiology Essentials
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1
Question
What is the main driving force for breathing?
Answer
Diaphragm causing volume changes in the thoracic cavity
2
Question
How does surface tension affect alveolar expansion?
Answer
Inward force must be overcome to expand alveoli during inspiration
3
Question
What is lung compliance?
Answer
Ease of lung expansion in response to pressure changes
4
Question
What factors can decrease breathing ease besides surfactant deficiency?
Answer
Scar tissue, edema, airway obstruction, low compliance
5
Question
What happens to elastic recoil during expiration?
Answer
Recoil decreases alveolar size to expel air
6
Question
What is tidal volume, inspiratory reserve, and expiratory reserve, and how do they relate to vital capacity?
Answer
Volumes; sum equals vital capacity
7
Question
What is residual volume?
Answer
Air remaining after maximum exhalation; not completely empty lungs
8
Question
How is oxygen primarily transported in blood?
Answer
Bound to hemoglobin; small amount dissolved in plasma
9
Question
What happens to CO2 in the blood?
Answer
Mostly converted to bicarbonate (HCO3-); some dissolved; some bound to hemoglobin
10
Question
What factors influence hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?
Answer
pH, temperature, BPG, Hb type; higher affinity at lungs, lower at tissues
11
Question
How does pH affect oxygen release from Hb at tissues?
Answer
Lower pH reduces Hb affinity, promotes O2 release
12
Question
How does temperature affect hemoglobin's oxygen affinity?
Answer
Higher temperature reduces affinity, promotes release at tissues
13
Question
What is fetal hemoglobin's advantage?
Answer
Higher O2 affinity to extract oxygen from maternal blood
14
Question
What is the dorsal respiratory group responsible for?
Answer
Regulates normal, quiet breathing (inspiration/expiration rhythm)
15
Question
What is the ventral respiratory group responsible for?
Answer
Active, forced breathing; stimulated during increased demand
16
Question
What are chemoreceptors responsible for in respiration?
Answer
Detect chemical changes (pH, CO2) to regulate breathing
17
Question
Define hypoxia and hypercapnia as used in the notes.
Answer
Hypoxia: low O2; Hypercapnia: elevated CO2
18
Question
What is the typical effect of exercise on respiratory and cardiovascular responses?
Answer
Increased blood flow and O2 delivery; higher ventilation and gas exchange
19
Question
What aging changes occur in the respiratory system?
Answer
Reduced vital capacity, lower blood O2, decreased macrophage/ciliary activity
20
Question
Why are elderly individuals more susceptible to respiratory infections?
Answer
Weaker defense mechanisms (macrophages, cilia) and reduced reserve
21
Question
What is the indication given for external intercostals versus internal intercostals in breathing?
Answer
External for inhalation; internal for exhalation