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Axial and Lower Limb Anatomy Review
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1
Question
How many bones are in the human vertebral column, and which regions do they correspond to?
Answer
26 vertebrae: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, plus sacrum and coccyx
2
Question
What are the primary functions of the vertebral column as described in the material?
Answer
Transfer weight to the lower limbs; protect spinal nerves
3
Question
What are the two posteriorly concave curvatures of the spine?
Answer
Cervical and lumbar curvatures
4
Question
What are the two posteriorly convex curvatures of the spine?
Answer
Thoracic and sacral curvatures
5
Question
Which vertebrae are labeled in the lateral spine diagram according to the material?
Answer
C1-C7, T1-T12, L1-L5, plus sacral and coccygeal regions
6
Question
What is the nucleus pulposus and what is its function?
Answer
Gel core of the disc; provides shock absorption and resiliency
7
Question
What ligaments run from neck to sacrum?
Answer
Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments
8
Question
What are true ribs and how do they attach?
Answer
Ribs 1-7; attach directly to sternum via costal cartilage
9
Question
What are false ribs and how do they attach?
Answer
Ribs 8-12; 8-10 attach indirectly via cartilage above; 11-12 are floating with no sternum attachment
10
Question
How many pairs of ribs are there in the thoracic cage?
Answer
12 pairs (24 ribs)
11
Question
What bones comprise the pectoral girdle?
Answer
Clavicle and scapula
12
Question
Which bone is called the collar bone and which the shoulder blade?
Answer
Clavicle is the collar bone; Scapula is the shoulder blade
13
Question
What is the function of the pectoral girdle in relation to the upper limbs?
Answer
Attach upper limbs to the axial skeleton and provide muscle attachment sites
14
Question
How is the clavicle described in relation to the sternum in the diagrams?
Answer
Articulates with the manubrium of the sternum
15
Question
What vertebral feature is highlighted as a key characteristic for giraffes compared to humans?
Answer
Elongated cervical vertebrae; nearly always seven cervical vertebrae in mammals
16
Question
What is the standard count of cervical vertebrae in most mammals, regardless of size?
Answer
Seven
17
Question
What is the manubrium in the sternum anatomy?
Answer
Upper central part of the sternum that connects to the clavicles
18
Question
Which rib types are true ribs and how many are labeled as true in the diagram?
Answer
True ribs are 1–7; 7 ribs are labeled as true
19
Question
Where is the vertebra labeled L1 located in relation to the ribs?
Answer
L1 vertebra lies behind the ribs as part of the thoracic–lumbar spine region
20
Question
Which ribs are labeled as false ribs in the diagram?
Answer
Ribs 8–12 are false ribs
21
Question
What are floating ribs and which numbers correspond to them?
Answer
Ribs 11 and 12 that do not attach to the sternum or cartilage
22
Question
What is the acetabulum’s typical frontal-plane coverage angle called?
Answer
Center-edge angle (averages 35°–40°)
23
Question
What does a smaller center-edge angle imply for dislocation risk?
Answer
Increased dislocation risk
24
Question
What plane does the acetabular anteversion angle describe?
Answer
Transverse plane coverage
25
Question
If acetabular coverage in the transverse plane is greater than 20°, what risk increases?
Answer
Anterior dislocation risk
26
Question
Name the three main segments of the lower limb.
Answer
Thigh (femur), Shank (tibia and fibula), Foot (tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges)
27
Question
Which bone is the longest and strongest in the body?
Answer
Femur
28
Question
What ligament connects the femoral head to the acetabulum area of the hip joint?
Answer
Ligamentum teres (ligament of the head of the femur)
29
Question
What is the anatomical angle between the femoral neck and the shaft, typically about 125°?
Answer
Neck-to-shaft angle ( Coxa vara if smaller, Coxa valga if larger)
30
Question
What makes the acetabular labrum unique in the hip joint?
Answer
Fibrous cartilage rim that deepens the acetabulum