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Chromosome Basics and Cell Division
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Chromosome Basics and Cell Division
Chromosome Basics and Cell Division
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1
Question
What are chromosomes and what do they contain biochemically?
Answer
DNA, proteins; chromatin in eukaryotes; may include non-coding RNAs.
2
Question
What are the two types of cells discussed in this chapter?
Answer
Prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
3
Question
Name a typical prokaryotic example and a feature shown in the figure.
Answer
Escherichia coli; outer membrane and flagellum.
4
Question
What are somatic cells?
Answer
Body cells other than gametes.
5
Question
What are germ cells?
Answer
Gametes (sperm and egg cells).
6
Question
What can cytogenetics detect?
Answer
Chromosome number or structure abnormalities.
7
Question
What is a karyotype?
Answer
An organized representation of the chromosomes in a cell.
8
Question
How are chromosomes organized visually in the lab?
Answer
Usually from largest to smallest.
9
Question
What is a diploid human cell karyotype example in terms of chromosome sets?
Answer
Two complete sets of chromosomes (2n).
10
Question
How many total chromosomes are in a human diploid cell?
Answer
46 chromosomes (23 per set).
11
Question
What are homologous chromosomes?
Answer
A pair of chromosomes that are nearly identical in size, gene order, and centromere position.
12
Question
What makes homologous chromosomes not identical despite having the same loci?
Answer
Different alleles (genetic variants).
13
Question
What is a locus?
Answer
The physical location of a gene on a chromosome.
14
Question
Are X and Y chromosomes homologous?
Answer
Not generally; they are not homologous but have small regions of homology.
15
Question
What do homologous chromosomes share in terms of genetic content?
Answer
The same genes at corresponding loci.
16
Question
What is genotype notation for AA, Bb, cc indicating?
Answer
AA: homozygous dominant; Bb: heterozygous; cc: homozygous recessive.
17
Question
What is one purpose of cell division?
Answer
Asexual reproduction.
18
Question
What are the four events in cell division?
Answer
Cell division signals, DNA replication, DNA segregation, cytokinesis.
19
Question
What initiates cell division?
Answer
Cell division signals (internal or external).
20
Question
What must happen to DNA during cell division?
Answer
DNA replication to duplicate genetic material.
21
Question
What is DNA segregation?
Answer
Distribution of replicated DNA to two daughter cells.
22
Question
What is cytokinesis?
Answer
Division of cytoplasm to form two new cells.
23
Question
Do prokaryotes and eukaryotes share the four cell division events?
Answer
They share them but implement them differently.
24
Question
What does chromatin refer to in eukaryotes?
Answer
DNA-protein complex.
25
Question
What are non-coding RNAs’ possible role in chromosomes?
Answer
They may be present in chromosomes.
26
Question
What is the basic theme of chapter 3.1?
Answer
General features of chromosomes.
27
Question
What is the significance of understanding chromosome transmission?
Answer
Gives insights into inheritance patterns.
28
Question
What is the status of this edition’s copyright?
Answer
© 2021 McGraw Hill; authorized classroom use.
29
Question
What is the primary genetic material in chromosomes?
Answer
DNA.
30
Question
What provides the organized structure of chromosomes?
Answer
Proteins.