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Foundations of Ethics
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Foundations of Ethics
Foundations of Ethics
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1
Question
ETHICS is all about defining the ways to achieve and live a “good life”. What is the central claim about ethics in this text?
Answer
Ethics defines ways to achieve and live a good life.
2
Question
What is the etymology of Ethics as given in the text?
Answer
From Greek ethos, meaning customs, usage, or character.
3
Question
How does the text distinguish ethics from religion or theology?
Answer
Philosophy accepts truth by reason; ethics studies human acts, not religious belief.
4
Question
What are the three general areas of ethical theory mentioned?
Answer
Metaethics, normative ethics, applied ethics.
5
Question
Define metaethics as per the text.
Answer
Study of the nature of moral judgments and meanings of ethical principles.
6
Question
Define normative ethics as per the text.
Answer
Content and criteria of moral judgments; what is right or wrong.
7
Question
Define applied ethics as per the text.
Answer
Examination of specific controversial issues (abortion, death, etc.).
8
Question
According to the chapter, what is the foundation of morality?
Answer
Freedom (internal freedom/free will) is the foundation.
9
Question
What is meant by internal freedom in the text?
Answer
Freedom to decide; choosing means for an end; not external coercion.
10
Question
How is freedom linked to knowledge in the text?
Answer
Freedom depends on truth; ignorance hinders the capacity to choose.
11
Question
What is a ‘good life’ according to the chapter’s Ancient Times section?
Answer
A utopic harmony with nature; no individualism or selfishness.
12
Question
What change accompanies civilization in the text’s narrative?
Answer
Move beyond communities; cross-border trade and comparison of cultures.
13
Question
What ethical hazard arises from comparing cultures, as discussed?
Answer
Discrimination based on differing customs or beliefs.
14
Question
What question set signals the shift to philosophical inquiry in ethics?
Answer
What sort of thing am I? Where do I come from? Why am I here?
15
Question
What does the text say about time and causality in ethics?
Answer
Time/space concepts lead to seeking cause-effect in actions.
16
Question
What notion connects actions to future character in the text?
Answer
Present behavior shapes future character and outcomes.
17
Question
What does the text claim about goodness and beauty in daily life?
Answer
They are connected to daily actions (causal and material).
18
Question
What is the key function of ethics as a science, according to the text?
Answer
Systematize, defend, and recommend concepts of right and wrong.
19
Question
What does the text mean by ethics as a practical science?
Answer
Knowledge applicable to human action and daily life.
20
Question
What is the role of reason in ethical theories, per the text?
Answer
All ethical theories and moral decisions must be based on reason.
21
Question
How does the text define a ‘human act’?
Answer
A conscious, voluntary, free act.
22
Question
What is the relationship between freedom and responsibility in the text?
Answer
Freedom requires responsibility; good use of responsibility develops freedom.
23
Question
What is meant by “internal freedom” and its limits?
Answer
Freedom to decide; not external freedom to act; not coerced.
24
Question
Why is truth distinguished from mere opinion in the discussion of freedom?
Answer
Truth is objective reality; opinion is not the same as truth.
25
Question
What does the text suggest about happiness and material goods?
Answer
True happiness involves moral development, not just material goods.
26
Question
Which historical stage emphasizes universal beliefs and common practices?
Answer
Ancient Times (utopia and unity with nature).
27
Question
What is the consequence of external freedom not being the focus in the text?
Answer
Emphasis on internal choice and accountability.
28
Question
What does the chapter say about ethics’ significance to academic study?
Answer
Ethics is an academic endeavor for understanding right/wrong and living well.
29
Question
Identify one reason given for studying ethics.
Answer
Understanding the meaning of life and what is right living.
30
Question
What phrase identifies ethics’ practical aim in human life?
Answer
Normative guidance for action.