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Introductory Atomic Structure and EMR
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1
Question
What is electromagnetic radiation (EMR)?
Answer
A form of energy that travels through space as waves.
2
Question
What is visible light in the context of EMR?
Answer
A type of electromagnetic radiation visible to the human eye.
3
Question
What is the relationship between wavelength and frequency in EMR?
Answer
They are inversely related: as wavelength increases, frequency decreases.
4
Question
What is the formula for photon energy in EM radiation?
Answer
E = hν (photon energy) where h is Planck's constant.
5
Question
What did Max Planck propose about energy?
Answer
Energy is quantized in whole-number multiples of hν.
6
Question
What are photons?
Answer
Particles of light carrying energy E = hν.
7
Question
What is the wavelength of red light used in the example?
Answer
Approximately 650 nm.
8
Question
If light has wavelength 6.50 x 10^2 nm, how do you compute frequency?
Answer
Use ν = c/λ, with c ≈ 3.00 x 10^8 m/s.
9
Question
What is the frequency of red light with λ = 650 nm?
Answer
ν ≈ 4.62 x 10^14 Hz.
10
Question
What does a laser in a CD player use in terms of wavelength?
Answer
Light with wavelength 7.80 x 10^2 nm.
11
Question
What is the frequency of light with λ = 780 nm?
Answer
ν ≈ 3.85 x 10^14 Hz.
12
Question
What is a line spectrum?
Answer
A spectrum with discrete wavelengths emitted or absorbed by an atom.
13
Question
What does the Bohr model explain about hydrogen?
Answer
Discrete energy levels and corresponding emission/absorption lines.
14
Question
What is ΔE in electronic transitions?
Answer
ΔE is the energy change of the atom during a transition.
15
Question
What is the energy of an emitted photon in a transition?
Answer
E = ΔE.
16
Question
What is meant by degenerate orbitals in hydrogen?
Answer
Orbitals on the same energy level having the same energy.
17
Question
What happens to energy levels in many-electron atoms?
Answer
Not all orbitals on the same energy level are degenerate.
18
Question
What are four quantum numbers used to describe electrons?
Answer
n, l, ml, ms.
19
Question
What does the principal quantum number n describe?
Answer
Energy level of the orbital.
20
Question
What are allowed values of n?
Answer
n = 1, 2, 3, ... (integers ≥ 1).
21
Question
What does the angular momentum quantum number l define?
Answer
The shape of the orbital.
22
Question
What are possible values of l for a given n?
Answer
l = 0 to n−1.
23
Question
What does the magnetic quantum number ml describe?
Answer
The orientation of the orbital in space.
24
Question
What are the possible ml values for a given l?
Answer
ml = −l to +l.
25
Question
How many orbitals are in a p subshell (l = 1)?
Answer
Three orbitals.
26
Question
What is the designator for s orbitals?
Answer
l = 0; designator 's'.
27
Question
What is the shape of an s orbital?
Answer
Spherical.
28
Question
How does the radius of an ns orbital change with n?
Answer
Radius increases with n.
29
Question
How many nodes does an ns orbital have?
Answer
n − 1 nodes.
30
Question
What is the maximum number of electrons in an s orbital for a given n?
Answer
2 electrons.