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Flashcards from PDF
Flashcards from PDF
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1
Question
What is ATP produced from?
Answer
Phosphate addition to ADP (ADP + Pi)
2
Question
What is phosphorylation in photosynthesis?
Answer
Process that yields ATP via light-dependent reactions
3
Question
What are the two stages of photosynthesis described?
Answer
Light-dependent and light-independent (Calvin cycle)
4
Question
What occurs during the light-dependent reaction?
Answer
Photolysis of water producing H+ and O2 with ATP and NADPH formation
5
Question
What are the products of the light-dependent stage?
Answer
ATP and reduced NADP (NADPH)
6
Question
Which photosystem receives electrons after Photosystem II in non-cyclic photophosphorylation?
Answer
Photosystem I
7
Question
What molecule accepts electrons from Photosystem II?
Answer
An electron carrier protein that passes to the electron transport chain
8
Question
What drives ATP synthesis in the light-dependent reactions?
Answer
Chemiosmosis through ATP synthase driven by a proton gradient
9
Question
What happens to NADP+ in the light-dependent reactions?
Answer
Becomes reduced NADPH when it accepts electrons and H+
10
Question
In non-cyclic photophosphorylation, which photon system is first?
Answer
Photosystem II
11
Question
What is the role of the proton gradient in the thylakoid membrane?
Answer
Pumps H+ into the thylakoid lumen to drive ATP synthesis
12
Question
What happens to the electrons after they reach Photosystem I in non-cyclic photophosphorylation?
Answer
They are transferred to NADP+ to form NADPH
13
Question
What is the initial substrate for the Calvin cycle when CO2 is fixed?
Answer
RuBP (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate)
14
Question
What enzyme catalyzes CO2 fixation in the Calvin cycle?
Answer
Rubisco
15
Question
What are the immediate products formed from CO2 fixation in the Calvin cycle?
Answer
GP (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate) molecules from split 6C intermediate
16
Question
What energy carriers drive GP reduction to GA3P in the Calvin cycle?
Answer
ATP and NADPH
17
Question
What molecule is regenerated to continue the Calvin cycle?
Answer
RuBP
18
Question
What are the main outputs associated with the Calvin cycle (from the notes)?
Answer
GA3P, which leads to glucose, starch, etc.
19
Question
What is the purpose of the Calvin cycle in plants?
Answer
Fix CO2 and synthesize carbohydrates using ATP and NADPH
20
Question
Which two photosystems are involved in non-cyclic photophosphorylation?
Answer
Photosystem II and Photosystem I
21
Question
What is photolysis in the context of photosynthesis?
Answer
Splitting of water to release O2, H+, and electrons
22
Question
What happens to RuBP after GA3P formation?
Answer
RuBP is regenerated using ATP to continue cycle
23
Question
What are the main products listed from photosynthesis in the notes?
Answer
Glucose, amino acids, cellulose, lipids, acetyl-CoA, etc.
24
Question
What structures are associated with chloroplasts in the notes?
Answer
Double membrane, stroma, thylakoids, granum, lamella, DNA, chloroplast ribosomes
25
Question
What are typical pigments listed in the hand-drawn description and their colors?
Answer
Chlorophyll (blue-green), Chla (yellow-green), carotenoids (orange), xanthophylls (yellow)
26
Question
What is the absorption spectrum range mentioned for pigments?
Answer
600-700 nm range with specific groups: 400-500 nm, 500-600 nm, 580-650 nm
27
Question
What is photophosphorylation?
Answer
Production of ATP using light energy and a proton gradient
28
Question
How many ATP and NADPH are required to synthesize one GA3P in the Calvin cycle?
Answer
ATP and NADPH consumed (exact numbers not consistently stated in notes)
29
Question
What is the overall purpose of light-dependent reactions beyond ATP?
Answer
Produce NADPH and oxygen via water splitting
30
Question
What happens to water during photolysis?
Answer
Water splits into H+, O2, and electrons