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Whittaker Five Kingdoms and Bacterial Basics
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Whittaker Five Kingdoms and Bacterial Basics
Whittaker Five Kingdoms and Bacterial Basics
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1
Question
What are the five kingdoms proposed by Whittaker (1969)?
Answer
Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
2
Question
What are the main criteria Whittaker used for classification?
Answer
Cell structure, body organisation, mode of nutrition, reproduction, phylogeny
3
Question
Which kingdom do bacteria belong to in Whittaker's system?
Answer
Kingdom Monera
4
Question
Which kingdoms are eukaryotic in Whittaker's five-kingdom system?
Answer
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
5
Question
What is the cell wall composition difference between fungi and green plants?
Answer
Fungi: chitin; Green plants: cellulose
6
Question
What type of organisms are placed in Kingdom Protista?
Answer
Unicellular or simple multicellular eukaryotes
7
Question
Which kingdom includes Chlamydomonas and Amoeba as reclassified members?
Answer
Kingdom Protista
8
Question
What distinguishes Monera from other kingdoms?
Answer
Prokaryotic cell type
9
Question
What is a key feature of Archaebacteria that helps them survive harsh conditions?
Answer
Unique cell wall structure
10
Question
Name a habitat where Archaebacteria are commonly found.
Answer
Extreme salty areas, hot springs, marshy areas
11
Question
What are methanogens and where are they found?
Answer
Archaebacteria in gut of ruminants; produce methane
12
Question
What are the two broad subgroups of Monera described?
Answer
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
13
Question
What is the mode of nutrition for most bacteria?
Answer
Heterotrophic (decomposers or consuming external matter)
14
Question
What is the primary difference between autotrophic and heterotrophic bacteria?
Answer
Autotrophs synthesize their own food; heterotrophs rely on others
15
Question
What is another name for blue-green algae?
Answer
Cyanobacteria
16
Question
What enables Nostoc and Anabaena to fix nitrogen?
Answer
Heterocysts
17
Question
What type of autotrophs are cyanobacteria?
Answer
Photosynthetic autotrophs
18
Question
What energy source do chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria use?
Answer
Inorganic substrates (nitrates, nitrites, ammonia)
19
Question
What role do bacteria play in ecosystems and human affairs?
Answer
Decomposers; production of antibiotics; nitrogen cycling
20
Question
What term describes bacteria that are not true bacteria but are included in Monera historically?
Answer
Archae bacteria (archaebacteria)
21
Question
What is the general body organisation level for Monera?
Answer
Cellular/ subcellular; lack true nucleus
22
Question
Which kingdom is described as multicellular with tissue/organ system organisation?
Answer
Kingdom Animalia
23
Question
Which kingdom contains organisms with chitin in their walls?
Answer
Kingdom Fungi
24
Question
Which kingdom contains organisms with cellulose cell walls?
Answer
Kingdom Plantae
25
Question
What is the typical nuclear membrane status in Monera?
Answer
Absent
26
Question
How does the five-kingdom system view evolutionary relationships?
Answer
Attempts to reflect phylogeny; evolutionary relationships
27
Question
What does the term 'Protista' broadly group together in Whittaker’s system?
Answer
Septet of unicellular eukaryotes and simple multicellular forms
28
Question
What do cyanobacteria primarily contribute to nitrogen cycling?
Answer
Nitrogen fixation in specialized cells (heterocysts)
29
Question
What is a key limitation of the two-kingdom system that Whittaker addressed?
Answer
Ignored differences among prokaryotes vs eukaryotes and unicellular vs multicellular
30
Question
Which kingdom is indicated to be dealt with separately in Chapters 3 and 4?
Answer
Plantae and Animalia