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Eye Anatomy and Physiology Basics
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Eye Anatomy and Physiology Basics
Eye Anatomy and Physiology Basics
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1
Question
What is the palpebral fissure?
Answer
An elliptical open space between the eyelids.
2
Question
What is the canthus?
Answer
The corner of the eye where the lids meet.
3
Question
What do the tarsal plates contain and secrete?
Answer
Meibomian glands; oily lubricating secretion.
4
Question
What is conjunctiva?
Answer
Transparent protective covering of the eye.
5
Question
What does the cornea do?
Answer
Bends light rays; part of refracting media.
6
Question
How many extraocular muscles are there and what do they do?
Answer
Six; move eyeball straight and rotary movements.
7
Question
What is conjugate movement?
Answer
When both eyes move with parallel axes.
8
Question
What are the three concentric coats of the eye?
Answer
Sclera (outer), choroid (middle), retina (inner).
9
Question
What are the chambers of the eye that contain aqueous humor?
Answer
Anterior and posterior chambers.
10
Question
What is the lens used for?
Answer
Refracting medium to keep objects in focus.
11
Question
What is the role of aqueous humor?
Answer
Nutrient delivery and waste drainage; maintains IOP.
12
Question
What is the optic disc?
Answer
Where retinal fibers converge to form the optic nerve.
13
Question
What happens to an image formed on the retina?
Answer
It is upside down and reversed.
14
Question
What is the palpebral fissure?
Answer
The opening between the eyelids, exposing the palpebral conjunctiva.
15
Question
Where does the lower lid border the cornea and sclera?
Answer
At the limbus between cornea and sclera.
16
Question
What are tarsal plates and their glands?
Answer
Tarsal plates contain Meibomian glands that secrete oily meibum.
17
Question
What is conjunctiva?
Answer
Transparent mucous membrane covering the sclera and inner eyelids.
18
Question
What does the lacrimal apparatus do?
Answer
Drains tears from the eye and lubricates the ocular surface.
19
Question
How many extraocular muscles move the eye?
Answer
Six: four recti, two obliques; enable gaze in all directions.
20
Question
What is conjugate eye movement?
Answer
Both eyes move in the same direction with coordinated axes.
21
Question
Which nerve innervates the lateral rectus?
Answer
Cranial nerve VI (abducens).
22
Question
Which nerve innervates the superior oblique?
Answer
Cranial nerve IV (trochlear).
23
Question
Which nerve innervates most EOMs?
Answer
Cranial nerve III (oculomotor).
24
Question
What are the three coats of the eye?
Answer
Sclera, choroid, retina.
25
Question
What is the cornea?
Answer
Transparent anterior layer refracting light into the eye.
26
Question
What are the aqueous humor chambers?
Answer
Anterior and posterior chambers.
27
Question
What determines pupil size in the middle layer?
Answer
Balance of parasympathetic and sympathetic input.
28
Question
What causes pupil constriction?
Answer
Parasympathetic stimulation (CN III) to iris sphincter.
29
Question
What causes pupil dilation and eyelid elevation?
Answer
Sympathetic stimulation.
30
Question
What is the lens used for?
Answer
Refracts light; accommodates to focus near/far objects.