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Head and Neck Anatomy and Clinical Pearls
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Head and Neck Anatomy and Clinical Pearls
Head and Neck Anatomy and Clinical Pearls
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1
Question
What encloses the brain and includes cranial and facial bones?
Answer
Skull (cranium)
2
Question
What are the cranial bones listed in the text?
Answer
Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal, Sutures (coronal, sagittal, lambdoid)
3
Question
What are sutures?
Answer
Joints where adjacent cranial bones mesh
4
Question
How many facial bones are there, and what connects them?
Answer
14; they articulate at sutures
5
Question
Which nerve mediates facial expressions?
Answer
Cranial nerve VII (facial nerve)
6
Question
Where are the parotid glands located relative to the face?
Answer
In the cheeks over the mandible, anterior to and below the ear
7
Question
Which salivary gland is the largest?
Answer
Parotid gland
8
Question
Where are the submandibular glands located?
Answer
Beneath the mandible at the angle of the jaw
9
Question
Where are the sublingual glands located?
Answer
In the floor of the mouth
10
Question
Where is the temporal artery palpable?
Answer
Anterior to the ear, superior to the temporalis muscle
11
Question
How is the neck structurally defined in relation to the skull and thorax?
Answer
Base of skull and inferior border of mandible above; manubrium sterni, clavicle, first rib, first thoracic vertebra below
12
Question
What major structures pass through the neck?
Answer
Vessels, muscles, nerves, lymphatics, and viscera of respiratory and digestive systems
13
Question
Which arteries supply the brain and face respectively?
Answer
Internal carotid (brain); External carotid (face, salivary glands, superficial temporal area)
14
Question
Which two neck muscles are innervated by cranial nerve XI?
Answer
Sternomastoid and trapezius
15
Question
What functional role does the sternomastoid provide?
Answer
Head rotation and flexion; divides neck into anterior and posterior triangles
16
Question
What are the two triangles of the neck called?
Answer
Anterior and posterior triangles
17
Question
What is the role of the thyroid gland?
Answer
Synthesizes and secretes T4 and T3; regulates cellular metabolism
18
Question
Where is the thyroid located?
Answer
Straddles the trachea in the middle of the neck; two lobes connected by an isthmus; near cricoid cartilage/upper tracheal ring
19
Question
What is a notable landmark of the thyroid cartilage?
Answer
Adam’s apple (thyroid notch in the upper edge)
20
Question
What is the cricoid cartilage?
Answer
Cartilage below the thyroid, above the upper tracheal ring
21
Question
What lymphatic structures are located preauricularly and posterior to the ear?
Answer
Preauricular, Posterior auricular (mastoid)
22
Question
Where is the occipital lymph node located?
Answer
Base of the skull
23
Question
What lymph nodes are found under the angle of the mandible?
Answer
Submental and submandibular nodes
24
Question
Where is the jugulodigastric lymph node located?
Answer
Under the angle of the mandible
25
Question
Where are the superficial cervical lymph nodes located?
Answer
Overlying the sternomastoid muscle
26
Question
Where are the deep cervical lymph nodes located?
Answer
Deep under the sternomastoid muscle
27
Question
Where are the posterior cervical lymph nodes located?
Answer
Along the edge of the trapezius muscle in the posterior triangle
28
Question
Where are the supraclavicular lymph nodes located?
Answer
Just above and behind the clavicle, at the sternomastoid muscle
29
Question
What is the developmental significance of fontanels in infants?
Answer
Soft spots that allow brain growth; gradually ossify
30
Question
Which fontanel closes earlier, posterior or anterior?
Answer
Posterior fontanel closes by 1-2 months; anterior by 9 months to 2 years