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Fluid Electrolyte Balance and Disorders
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Fluid Electrolyte Balance and Disorders
Fluid Electrolyte Balance and Disorders
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1
Question
Define isotonic fluid administration and its effect on intravascular volume.
Answer
Increases intravascular volume; isotonic fluids expand the extracellular space without changing osmolality.
2
Question
What characterizes hypertonic fluids and when are they used?
Answer
Hypertonic fluids draw water out of cells; used to correct hyponatremia or reduce intracranial pressure.
3
Question
What is the physiologic effect of hypotonic IV solutions on cells?
Answer
Cause cellular swelling as water moves into cells.
4
Question
Explain the role of albumin in intravascular fluid dynamics.
Answer
Albumin maintains oncotic pressure to retain fluid in vessels.
5
Question
What happens with low albumin levels to fluid distribution?
Answer
Fluid leaks into interstitial space causing edema.
6
Question
What is the percentage range for normal extracellular sodium (Na+)?
Answer
135-145 mEq/L.
7
Question
What is hyponatremia and name a common contributing factor listed?
Answer
Low serum sodium; diuretics or GI fluid losses can contribute.
8
Question
What is hypernatremia and a common cause listed?
Answer
Elevated serum sodium; excessive intake without adequate water.
9
Question
What is hypokalemia and a typical etiologic factor from notes?
Answer
Low potassium; vomiting, gastric suction, laxative abuse, anorexia, alcoholism.
10
Question
What is hyperkalemia and a typical cause from the notes?
Answer
High potassium; renal failure, IV potassium administration, RBC lysis.
11
Question
What ECG-related risk is associated with potassium abnormalities?
Answer
Hyperkalemia may cause peaked T waves; hypokalemia may cause U waves.
12
Question
Name two calcium-related disorders and their generic presentations.
Answer
Hypocalcemia: neuromuscular irritability; Hypercalcemia: constipation, stones, bones, groans.
13
Question
What lab value range is given for calcium?
Answer
9.0-10.5 mg/dL.
14
Question
What condition involves hypomagnesemia and its common causes?
Answer
Low magnesium; decreased intake or increased renal excretion.
15
Question
What condition is associated with hypermagnesemia and typical causes?
Answer
High magnesium; renal failure, severe dehydration.
16
Question
How are chloride levels typically described in the notes?
Answer
Range 98-106 mEq/L.
17
Question
What liver condition is linked to low albumin and edema?
Answer
Cirhosis (liver disease).
18
Question
What hormone system triggers water retention and increased blood pressure in response to low volume?
Answer
Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) via renin and angiotensin II.
19
Question
What is the expected blood pressure response to volume deficit (in general)?
Answer
Lower blood pressure; RASS activation raises it.
20
Question
Which pattern of symptom describes hyponatremia in the notes?
Answer
Depressed mental status, seizure, coma, hypotension.
21
Question
Which pattern of symptom describes hypernatremia in the notes?
Answer
Thirst, edema, tachycardia, confusion.
22
Question
What is the primary function of the liver in fluid balance as per notes?
Answer
Produces albumin to maintain oncotic pressure.
23
Question
What is Trousseau sign and Chvostek sign associated with?
Answer
Hypocalcemia; neuromuscular excitability.
24
Question
What diuretic class is mentioned as promoting potassium excretion?
Answer
Loop diuretics (e.g., furosemide).
25
Question
What electrolyte disturbance is commonly seen with chronic vomiting or diarrhea according to notes?
Answer
Hypokalemia.
26
Question
What is the standard extracellular potassium range given?
Answer
3.5-5.0 mEq/L.
27
Question
What condition is described by decreased nerve and muscle excitability with elevated calcium?
Answer
Hypercalcemia; weakness, constipation.
28
Question
What signs are associated with hyponatremia from the notes?
Answer
Seizure, coma, depressed mental status.
29
Question
Describe osmosis in simple terms as per notes.
Answer
Movement of water through a semipermeable membrane toward higher solute concentration.
30
Question
What is the typical effect of dehydration on edema and blood pressure?
Answer
Fluid deficit lowers blood pressure; potential peripheral edema if fluid shifts occur.