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Organizational Theory and Leadership Concepts
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Organizational Theory and Leadership Concepts
Organizational Theory and Leadership Concepts
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1
Question
What is the primary focus of classical organizational theory?
Answer
Structural relationships and hierarchy in organizations.
2
Question
What does the scalar principle in organization theory refer to?
Answer
Chain of command and levels of authority.
3
Question
What is the main idea behind Taylorism in scientific management?
Answer
There is one best way to perform a job based on data.
4
Question
Which principle states that each level in an organization has increased authority and responsibility?
Answer
Hierarchy or chain of command.
5
Question
What was Henri Fayol's contribution to management theory?
Answer
The 14 principles of administrative management.
6
Question
What are the four principles of scientific management?
Answer
Planning, Organizing, Commanding, Controlling.
7
Question
What phenomenon did Elton Mayo's Hawthorne Experiments reveal about worker productivity?
Answer
The Hawthorne Effect – workers perform better when observed.
8
Question
What does the Hawthorne Effect imply about employee motivation?
Answer
People change their behavior when aware they are being studied.
9
Question
How does the systems theory view an organization?
Answer
As an interdependent system of connected subsystems.
10
Question
What is the main idea of contingency theory?
Answer
The best management style depends on situational factors.
11
Question
According to Fiedler’s Contingency Model, upon what does leadership effectiveness depend?
Answer
Leader’s style and situational favorableness.
12
Question
What does the leader-member relations component of Fiedler’s model measure?
Answer
Trust, respect, and confidence between leader and followers.
13
Question
What is Lewin’s leadership style characterized by?
Answer
Autocratic, Democratic, Laissez-faire.
14
Question
What is the primary focus of Max Weber’s bureaucracy?
Answer
Efficiency and rationality through rules and hierarchical structure.
15
Question
What is the core idea of the human relations approach following Mayo’s Hawthorne studies?
Answer
Employee social and psychological needs influence productivity.
16
Question
What is the main concept behind McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y?
Answer
Managers’ assumptions about employee motivation influence management style.
17
Question
According to McGregor’s Theory X, what do managers believe about employees?
Answer
They are inherently lazy and need supervision.
18
Question
What did Chester Barnard emphasize as essential for effective organizations?
Answer
Cooperation, communication, and shared purpose.
19
Question
In process theories of motivation, what does 'expectancy' refer to?
Answer
Belief effort will lead to performance.
20
Question
What is the purpose of reinforcement schedules in motivation theory?
Answer
To shape and maintain desired behavior.
21
Question
What distinguishes intrinsic motivation from extrinsic motivation?
Answer
Intrinsic comes from internal satisfaction; extrinsic from external rewards.
22
Question
What are hygiene factors and their role in motivation?
Answer
Job aspects like salary prevent dissatisfaction but do not motivate.
23
Question
What is the main idea of Alderfer’s ERG theory?
Answer
Needs for Existence, Relatedness, and Growth, which can be pursued simultaneously.
24
Question
What does the Pygmalion Effect describe?
Answer
High expectations from others improve performance.
25
Question
What is the Golem Effect?
Answer
Low expectations from others decrease performance.
26
Question
What role does self-efficacy play in motivation?
Answer
Belief in one's ability to succeed influences effort.
27
Question
How does goal-setting influence motivation?
Answer
Challenging goals increase performance when accepted.
28
Question
What is the primary assumption of Reinforcement Theory?
Answer
Behavior is shaped by its consequences.
29
Question
What does the concept of 'self-regulation' involve?
Answer
Monitoring and adjusting one’s own behavior toward goals.
30
Question
What are the four drives identified by four-drive theory?
Answer
Acquire, Bond, Comprehend, and (a fourth drive not explicitly listed),