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Engineering Materials and Systems Basics
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Engineering Materials and Systems Basics
Engineering Materials and Systems Basics
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1
Question
What does shear stress measure within a material?
Answer
Internal reaction to shearing force.
2
Question
State the formula for shear stress.
Answer
fs = P / A.
3
Question
What is the difference between engineering and working stress?
Answer
Engineering stress uses original area; working stress is usually less.
4
Question
State Hooke's Law in terms of stress and strain.
Answer
Stress is proportional to strain up to elastic limit.
5
Question
What is the typical safety factor ratio in bridges and buildings?
Answer
A large ratio to prevent failure.
6
Question
What is the critical crack length's significance?
Answer
Exceeding it causes inevitable failure if stress remains.
7
Question
How can crack growth be prevented in materials?
Answer
Design with no sharp corners or place weak interfaces.
8
Question
What surface crack detection method uses dye and UV light?
Answer
Dye penetrant testing.
9
Question
What is stone's strength characteristic?
Answer
Weak in tension, strong in compression, brittle.
10
Question
What is toughened glass and why is it used?
Answer
Heat-treated glass with increased toughness.
11
Question
Define pre-tensioned concrete.
Answer
Concrete cast over tensioned steel rods or cables.
12
Question
What is asphalt mainly used for?
Answer
Road surfacing.
13
Question
What material replaced iron tyres on bicycles?
Answer
Rubber pneumatic tyres.
14
Question
Which process produces a stronger grain structure: normalising or full annealing?
Answer
Normalising.
15
Question
What is the main use of centrifugal casting?
Answer
Making pipes and pistons.
16
Question
Name a low-strength, ductile non-ferrous alloy primarily used in sheet metal work.
Answer
1xxx aluminium alloy.
17
Question
What property does phosphor bronze have that makes it suitable for bearings?
Answer
Lower coefficient of friction.
18
Question
Which power generation method uses water stored in dams?
Answer
Hydroelectric power.
19
Question
What is a drawback of wind power for urban large-scale energy?
Answer
Large land and noise pollution.
20
Question
What is the main use of a P-N junction in semiconductors?
Answer
One-way electric current flow.
21
Question
Which type of motor is reliant on electromagnetic induction and does not have brushes?
Answer
Induction motor.
22
Question
What is the difference between AC and DC voltage?
Answer
DC has constant potential; AC varies constantly.
23
Question
What does rectification do in electrical systems?
Answer
Converts AC to DC.
24
Question
What motor type is rarely used in locomotives?
Answer
Shunt wound DC motors.
25
Question
What features do compound motors combine?
Answer
Good starting torque and stability under no load.
26
Question
What type of AC motors are used in transport systems?
Answer
Induction motors.
27
Question
What technology is used in modern engine management?
Answer
Digital technology.
28
Question
What role does digital technology play on bicycles?
Answer
It is used for speedometers.
29
Question
How has engineering innovation improved lifting devices?
Answer
Cranes allow faster ship loading, larger harbors, and safer work.
30
Question
What is the main function of a crane in civil engineering?
Answer
To support loads and facilitate construction.