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Genetics and Drug Design Basics
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Genetics and Drug Design Basics
Genetics and Drug Design Basics
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1
Question
What is the primary role of genes in Mendelian inheritance?
Answer
Code for traits via DNA segments called genes.
2
Question
What does a Homozygous genotype consist of?
Answer
Two identical alleles (AA or aa).
3
Question
Describe Mendel’s law of Segregation.
Answer
Alleles for a trait separate during gamete formation.
4
Question
What does Mendel’s law of Independent Assortment state?
Answer
Alleles for different traits separate independently when on different chromosomes.
5
Question
In a Punnett square for Aa × Aa, what is the typical phenotypic ratio?
Answer
3:1 (dominant : recessive).
6
Question
What is the purpose of a dihybrid cross?
Answer
To study two traits and their independent assortment.
7
Question
What F₂ phenotypic ratio indicates a dihybrid cross?
Answer
9:3:3:1.
8
Question
What is a key difference between mitosis and meiosis?
Answer
Mitosis makes 2 identical diploid cells; meiosis results in 4 unique haploid gametes.
9
Question
During which phase does crossing over occur in meiosis?
Answer
Prophase I.
10
Question
How does crossing over contribute to genetic variation?
Answer
It exchanges DNA between homologous chromosomes, creating new allele combinations.
11
Question
What is gene linkage?
Answer
When genes are close on the same chromosome and tend to be inherited together.
12
Question
How does recombination frequency relate to gene distance?
Answer
Higher recombination frequency indicates greater gene distance.
13
Question
What does a 1% recombination rate signify in map units?
Answer
1 centiMorgan (cM) or map unit.
14
Question
What pattern of inheritance is characterized by traits appearing in every generation with both sexes affected?
Answer
Autosomal dominant.
15
Question
What inheritance pattern shows skipping generations and consanguinity?
Answer
Autosomal recessive.
16
Question
In pedigrees, how is mitochondrial inheritance pattern different?
Answer
All offspring of affected females inherit the trait.
17
Question
What does Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium assume?
Answer
No mutation, migration, selection; random mating; large population.
18
Question
How is allele frequency calculated?
Answer
Number of copies of the allele divided by total alleles in the population.
19
Question
If q²=0.09, what is the frequency of the recessive allele q?
Answer
0.3.
20
Question
What is genetic drift particularly impactful in?
Answer
Small populations.
21
Question
What is the bottleneck effect?
Answer
A sudden reduction in population size affecting genetic variation.
22
Question
Define polyploidy.
Answer
Organisms with more than two sets of chromosomes.
23
Question
In what type of organisms is polyploidy common and useful?
Answer
Plants; it increases size and diversity.
24
Question
What can mitochondrial mutations cause?
Answer
Mitochondrial diseases affecting energy tissues.
25
Question
What symbol in pedigrees indicates a female?
Answer
♀.
26
Question
What does a FST value of 1 indicate?
Answer
Complete population separation.
27
Question
What is the goal of drug design?
Answer
Developing compounds targeting disease-related molecules.
28
Question
Name a major target in drug design.
Answer
Receptors or enzymes.
29
Question
What method uses the 3D structure of a protein to design drugs?
Answer
Structure-Based Design (SBDD).
30
Question
What key factor is crucial for a drug’s effectiveness?
Answer
Binding affinity to the target.