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Frog Anatomy Physiology Review
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Frog Anatomy Physiology Review
Frog Anatomy Physiology Review
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1
Question
What are dermal bones and cartilage bones? Provide frog examples.
Answer
Dermal bones develop directly from connective tissue; examples: skull nasals, premaxillae. Cartilage bones form from cartilage; examples: humerus, vertebrae.
2
Question
Name and give examples of the three joint types in frogs.
Answer
Immovable: skull sutures; Slightly movable: vertebral joints; Freely movable: hip (femur-pelvis), shoulder (humerus-scapula).
3
Question
Name the three tissues making up the skeletal system.
Answer
Bone, cartilage, connective tissue (ligaments, tendons).
4
Question
Classify muscles by action with examples in frog.
Answer
Extensors: triceps femoris; Flexors: gastrocnemius; Adductors: gracilis major/minor.
5
Question
How do muscles relate to joints?
Answer
Muscles cross joints; contraction causes movement at the joint.
6
Question
Define digestion and differentiate physical from chemical digestion.
Answer
Digestion is breaking down food into absorbable forms. Physical: mechanical breakdown; Chemical: enzyme action.
7
Question
What is extracellular digestion, and does it occur in frogs?
Answer
Digestion outside cells in the digestive tract; yes, frogs have extracellular digestion.
8
Question
Are bile and enzymes the same? Explain.
Answer
No, enzymes catalyze reactions; bile emulsifies fats; they are different.
9
Question
Outline the process of digestion in frogs.
Answer
Food in mouth, partially mechanically broken, chemically digested in stomach, nutrients absorbed in ileum, wastes expelled.
10
Question
List principal digestive enzymes, sources, and functions.
Answer
Pepsin (stomach, proteins, peptides); Trypsin (pancreas, peptides, amino acids); Amylase (pancreas, starch, sugars); Lipase (pancreas, fats, fatty acids and glycerol).
11
Question
Compare frog digestion to human digestion.
Answer
Both have complete tract and glands; frogs have shorter intestine, cloaca for waste; humans have separate openings.
12
Question
What enzymes act on proteins in the frog's digestive system?
Answer
Pepsin and trypsin.
13
Question
Which organs comprise the major part of the frog's excretory system?
Answer
Kidneys, mesonephric ducts, urinary bladder, and cloaca.
14
Question
Where are the kidneys located in the frog?
Answer
Outside the peritoneum, dorsal to the vertebral column.
15
Question
What is the function of the mesonephric ducts in frogs?
Answer
Passage of urine and sperm to the cloaca.
16
Question
Describe the path of sperm in frogs from production to excretion.
Answer
Testis → vasa efferentia → kidneys → mesonephric duct → cloaca → out.
17
Question
How are the reproductive and excretory systems interconnected in male frogs?
Answer
Shared mesonephric ducts carry urine and sperm.
18
Question
And in female frogs, how are these systems separated?
Answer
Excretory system via mesonephric ducts; reproductive via oviducts.
19
Question
What are the main functions of the frog's heart?
Answer
Pump blood, carry nutrients, oxygen, and remove wastes.
20
Question
Identify the three internal chambers of the frog's heart.
Answer
Left atrium, right atrium, ventricle.
21
Question
Which veins return blood from the frog's lungs and body to the heart?
Answer
Pulmonary veins and cardinal veins.
22
Question
Compare arteries and veins in frogs.
Answer
Arteries: thicker walls, oxygenated blood; Veins: thinner, deoxygenated blood, valves.
23
Question
What is the importance of valves in the frog's heart?
Answer
Prevent backflow and ensure unidirectional blood flow.
24
Question
How is the frog's heart supplied with blood?
Answer
By coronary arteries branching from systemic arteries.
25
Question
What are dermal and cartilage bones?
Answer
Dermal bones develop directly from connective tissue; cartilage bones form from cartilage, as seen in frogs' skulls and limb bones.
26
Question
Name and give examples of frog joint types.
Answer
Immovable: skull sutures; Slightly movable: vertebral joints; Freely movable: hip (femur-pelvis), shoulder (humerus-scapula).
27
Question
Purpose of cartilage at long bone ends?
Answer
Reduces friction and shock during movement.
28
Question
Compare frog and human skeletons?
Answer
Both have skull, backbone, limbs, girdles; frogs have fused limb bones, urostyle, no ribs; humans have separate limb bones, well-developed ribs.
29
Question
Three tissues of skeletal system?
Answer
Bone, cartilage, connective tissue (ligaments, tendons).
30
Question
Muscle actions in frogs?
Answer
Extensors: triceps femoris; Flexors: gastrocnemius; Adductors: gracilis major/minor.