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Epidemiology Study Designs and Concepts
Study
1
Question
What type of study investigates past exposure to risk factors like smoking?
Answer
Case-control study
2
Question
What measure does a case-control study primarily use?
Answer
Odds ratio
3
Question
Which study observes future development of disease from present exposure?
Answer
Prospective cohort study
4
Question
What does a retrospective cohort study compare?
Answer
Past exposures and outcomes using odds ratio and relative risk
5
Question
In twin concordance studies, a higher concordance rate suggests a stronger influence of what?
Answer
Genetic factors
6
Question
What distinguishes an adoption study from a twin study?
Answer
Shares environment but not genetics
7
Question
How do modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors differ?
Answer
Modifiable can be changed; non-modifiable cannot
8
Question
What is the purpose of randomized, double-blinded clinical trials?
Answer
Establish causation of interventions
9
Question
Which study design is most suited to test the efficacy of a new drug?
Answer
Randomized controlled trial
10
Question
Why is matching important in prospective cohort studies?
Answer
To control for confounding variables like age and sex
11
Question
What does an odds ratio greater than 1 indicate?
Answer
Increased odds of outcome with exposure
12
Question
What is the main advantage of a crossover study?
Answer
Participants serve as their own controls
13
Question
What is the difference between correlation and causation in epidemiological studies?
Answer
Correlation indicates association; causation implies cause-effect relationship
14
Question
What do multifactorial diseases typically involve?
Answer
Genetic and environmental factors
15
Question
What is the primary question answered by twin and adoption studies?
Answer
Genetic vs. environmental influence on disease
16
Question
In an intervention study, what is the purpose of a placebo group?
Answer
To serve as a comparison for treatment effect
17
Question
What is the main characteristic of a case series study?
Answer
One group with shared diagnosis or outcome, no comparison group
18
Question
What does the term 'risk factor' refer to?
Answer
A factor associated with increased disease risk, not necessarily causal
19
Question
What is the ethical importance of randomized clinical trials?
Answer
Ensuring safety, informed consent, and minimizing bias
20
Question
What study investigates past exposure to risk factors like smoking?
Answer
Case-control studies compare exposures between cases and controls to identify associations.
21
Question
Which measure is primarily used in case-control studies?
Answer
Odds ratio, estimating the odds of exposure among cases relative to controls.
22
Question
How does a prospective cohort study observe disease development?
Answer
It follows a group over time to record incident cases from baseline exposures.
23
Question
What does a retrospective cohort study compare?
Answer
Past exposures and outcomes using odds ratio and relative risk estimates.
24
Question
What is a key limitation of case series studies?
Answer
No comparison group; cannot determine causality or measure risk.
25
Question
What does higher twin concordance suggest?
Answer
A stronger genetic contribution to the disease.
26
Question
How does an adoption study differ from a twin study?
Answer
Assesses environmental effects by comparing adopted individuals with biological relatives.
27
Question
How do modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors differ?
Answer
Modifiable factors can be changed; non-modifiable factors are inherent.
28
Question
What is the aim of randomized, double-blinded trials?
Answer
To establish causal relationships between treatment and outcomes.
29
Question
Which study design is best for testing a new drug?
Answer
Randomized controlled trial ensures bias minimization and causal inference.
30
Question
Why is matching used in cohort studies?
Answer
To control for confounders like age and sex.