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Psychopathology Essentials
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1
Question
What does Wakefield’s 'Harmful Dysfunction' model identify as a psychological disorder?
Answer
Failure of an evolved mechanism causing harm or distress.
2
Question
How does Wakefield’s model integrate objective and subjective factors?
Answer
Combines biological dysfunction with cultural perception of harm.
3
Question
What is a key symptom indicating loss of control in mental disorders?
Answer
Feeling out of control, such as in compulsions or panic.
4
Question
According to DSM-5-TR, what are three components of a psychological disorder?
Answer
Dysfunctions, cultural norm violation, and distress or impairment.
5
Question
What is the prototype approach to diagnosis?
Answer
Diagnosis based on a typical profile for the disorder.
6
Question
Why is mental illness considered controversial?
Answer
Lack of definitive tests and subjective criteria.
7
Question
What professionals are involved in psychopathology research and treatment?
Answer
Psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, therapists.
8
Question
What are the three roles of the scientist-practitioner?
Answer
Use science, evaluate practice, conduct research.
9
Question
What are the primary goals of psychopathology?
Answer
Describe, identify causes, and treat disorders.
10
Question
What does the 'presenting problem' refer to?
Answer
Main issue the patient seeks help for.
11
Question
How is prevalence different from incidence?
Answer
Prevalence: total cases; Incidence: new cases.
12
Question
What does the course of a disorder describe?
Answer
Its pattern over time: chronic, episodic, or time-limited.
13
Question
What is meant by acute vs. insidious onset?
Answer
Sudden vs. gradual development of symptoms.
14
Question
What factors are considered in etiology?
Answer
Biological, psychological, social influences.
15
Question
How can treatment provide clues about etiology?
Answer
Response to treatment can suggest underlying causes.
16
Question
What does prognosis refer to?
Answer
Expected outcome or course of a disorder.
17
Question
Who was King Charles VI and what was his case an example of?
Answer
A king with bizarre behavior; example of supernatural treatment influence.
18
Question
What were some treatments for possession in the supernatural model?
Answer
Exorcism, confinement, torture, shock therapies.
19
Question
What was Hippocrates’ main contribution to biological tradition?
Answer
Psych disorders are natural diseases, not demonic.
20
Question
What are the four humors in Galen’s theory?
Answer
Blood, black bile, yellow bile, phlegm.
21
Question
What modern concept emerged from humoral theory?
Answer
Chemical imbalances affecting mental health.
22
Question
What was the significance of syphilis in biological model history?
Answer
Linked to general paresis; demonstrated biological cause of mental illness.
23
Question
What was John Grey’s view on mental illness?
Answer
It is a physical illness requiring rest, diet, and environment.
24
Question
What were early physical treatments for mental disorders in the 20th century?
Answer
Insulin shock, ECT, lobotomy.
25
Question
What are some side effects of early psychiatric drugs?
Answer
Tremors, side effects, initial disappointment.
26
Question
What did Emil Kraepelin contribute to psychiatric classification?
Answer
Classification of disorders, e.g., schizophrenia.
27
Question
Which model emphasizes humane treatment and socialization?
Answer
Moral therapy.
28
Question
What was Watson’s main claim about psychology?
Answer
Predict and control behavior; reject introspection.
29
Question
What is classical conditioning?
Answer
Learning by association of stimuli and responses.
30
Question
In Pavlov's experiments, what is the unconditioned stimulus?
Answer
Naturally triggers a response (e.g., food causes salivation).