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Developmental Psychology Key Concepts
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1
Question
What does the gene-environment theory describe?
Answer
Genetic traits evoke reactions from others, influencing environment and development.
2
Question
How does the active gene-environment model differ from the evocative model?
Answer
Children influence their environment through traits they seek and display.
3
Question
What is the mechanistic model's view of people?
Answer
People are like machines reacting passively to environmental input.
4
Question
What does the organismic model emphasize about development?
Answer
People as active, self-initiating, growing organisms.
5
Question
What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative change?
Answer
Quantitative involves gradual increases; qualitative involves emergence of new features.
6
Question
Which type of development is more predictable, continuous or discontinuous?
Answer
Continuous, with gradual and incremental change.
7
Question
What does evolutionary psychology highlight about human behavior?
Answer
Importance of adaptation, reproduction, and survival.
8
Question
What is the primary focus of nativist vs. empiricist perspectives on language development?
Answer
Nativists see genes as crucial; empiricists see environment as key.
9
Question
What are normative influences in development?
Answer
Biological or environmental events affecting most people similarly.
10
Question
What are the main principles of APA ethics regarding harm?
Answer
Do no harm, minimize distress, and protect participant well-being.
11
Question
When can deception be ethically justified in research?
Answer
Only if it does not cause distress or harm and is justified by research goals.
12
Question
What is the purpose of informed consent?
Answer
To ensure participants understand and agree to research participation.
13
Question
What are the key features of the sensorimotor stage in Piaget's theory?
Answer
Birth to 2 years; development of object permanence and reflexes.
14
Question
When does conservation develop according to Piaget?
Answer
During the concrete operational stage (about 7+ years).
15
Question
What is egocentrism in early childhood cognitive development?
Answer
Children cannot see perspectives other than their own.
16
Question
What characterizes formal operational thought?
Answer
Abstract, hypothetical reasoning and deductive thought.
17
Question
What is the principle of identity?
Answer
An object remains the same despite changes in appearance.
18
Question
What does the theory of mind enable us to do?
Answer
Understand that others have different beliefs, desires, and intentions.
19
Question
What is transduction in Piaget's cognitive development?
Answer
Connecting two events close in time without logical causality.
20
Question
What is the main idea of constructivism in development?
Answer
Children actively build their understanding through experiences.
21
Question
At what age do children typically enter Piaget's Concrete Operational stage?
Answer
Around 7 years old.
22
Question
What reasoning method characterizes formal operations thinking?
Answer
Hypothetic-Deductive Reasoning.
23
Question
Which abilities do children develop in the Concrete Operational stage?
Answer
Logical thinking, considering multiple aspects of situations.
24
Question
What is self-consciousness in adolescence associated with?
Answer
Thinking about their own and others' thoughts.
25
Question
What concept describes adolescents’ belief that they are unique and invulnerable?
Answer
Personal Fable.
26
Question
According to Kohlberg, what is the focus of Preconventional Morality?
Answer
Avoiding punishment and self-interest.
27
Question
What moral stage involves understanding rules as unchangeable?
Answer
Heteronomous Morality (Moral Realism).
28
Question
At what stage do individuals develop their own set of moral principles that may or may not align with laws?
Answer
Stage 6: Universal Principles.
29
Question
What environmental system includes the child's immediate context like family and school?
Answer
Microsystem.
30
Question
Who proposed the attachment theory emphasizing early emotional bonds?
Answer
Ainsworth and Bowlby.