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1
Question
Why shouldn't activated charcoal be given simultaneously with ipecac?
Answer
It adsorbs the emetic agent, reducing efficacy.
2
Question
In poisoning management, when are cathartics indicated?
Answer
After ingestion of enteric-coated tablets within 1 hour and for volatile hydrocarbons.
3
Question
What is the purpose of alkalinizing urine with NaHCO₃?
Answer
To increase excretion of acidic drugs like phenobarbital, salicylates.
4
Question
Why is hemodialysis less effective for poisons with large volume of distribution?
Answer
Large volume of distribution limits blood concentration for removal.
5
Question
How does altering urine pH affect the excretion of polar, ionized toxins?
Answer
It enhances excretion by increasing ionization in urine.
6
Question
What is the main limitation of hemodialysis in poison removal?
Answer
Extensive plasma protein binding reduces effectiveness.
7
Question
What is the primary goal of chemical neutralization in poisoning?
Answer
To inactivate or neutralize the toxicant, e.g., acids or bases.
8
Question
Why are passive reabsorption mechanisms important in the renal elimination of poisons?
Answer
Poisons reabsorbed if lipophilic; passive reabsorption can be altered.
9
Question
Which agents are used to acidify urine to enhance the excretion of basic drugs?
Answer
Ammonium chloride or ascorbic acid.
10
Question
What effect does increasing urine pH have on the clearance of phenobarbital salicylates?
Answer
It accelerates clearance by increasing ionization and excretion.
11
Question
Which antidote is used for cyanide poisoning?
Answer
Amyl nitrite.
12
Question
What is the clinical role of active transport in the renal elimination of poisons?
Answer
There are no known methods to accelerate active transport.
13
Question
What factor diminishes the utility of hemodialysis in poison removal?
Answer
Large plasma protein binding of the poison.
14
Question
How does passive reabsorption influence the excretion of lipophilic poisons?
Answer
They can be reabsorbed if lipophilic, reducing elimination.
15
Question
Which pharmacological agent is used to treat organophosphate poisoning?
Answer
Atropine.
16
Question
What is the therapeutic rationale of using antidotes that are pharmacologically antagonistic?
Answer
To block or counteract the toxic effects of the absorbed poison.
17
Question
Describe the effect of ionized versus non-ionized forms on renal reabsorption.
Answer
Non-ionized poisons are reabsorbed more rapidly; ionized forms are less reabsorbed.
18
Question
In the context of poisoning, what does 'adsorption' refer to?
Answer
Binding of the poison to activated charcoal or other agents.
19
Question
Which agent is preferred for neutralizing alkali ingestions?
Answer
Dilution with water or milk.
20
Question
What are the typical agents used for urine acidification to enhance excretion of basic poisons?
Answer
Ammonium chloride, ascorbic acid.
21
Question
Why is the use of hemodialysis limited in certain poisonings?
Answer
Due to large total body burden and extensive plasma protein binding.
22
Question
How does the use of osmotic diuretics facilitate poison elimination?
Answer
By decreasing reabsorption, increasing elimination.
23
Question
What is the main purpose of using osmotic cathartics after toxic ingestion?
Answer
To minimize absorption by increasing intestinal passage.
24
Question
Which antidote is used for organophosphate poisoning?
Answer
Atropine.
25
Question
What is the chemical inactivation method for acid or alkali poisoning?
Answer
Neutralization with vinegar, orange juice, lemon juice for alkalis.
26
Question
How does the volume of distribution of a poison influence treatment options?
Answer
Large volume complicates removal via dialysis.