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Plastics Radiation Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering
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1
Question
How does plastic degradation produce microplastics?
Answer
UV, mechanical, thermo-oxidative, hydrolysis, microbial processes break plastics into tiny fragments.
2
Question
How can microplastics enter the human body?
Answer
Through ingestion of contaminated seafood and water, and inhalation of airborne particles.
3
Question
What is photodegradation of plastics?
Answer
UV radiation causes chain scission, embrittlement, and fragmentation.
4
Question
What triggers mechanical degradation of plastics?
Answer
Wave action, abrasion, and tidal forces break plastics into smaller pieces.
5
Question
Describe thermo-oxidative degradation in plastics.
Answer
Heat and oxygen cause oxidation, weakening polymers and promoting fragmentation.
6
Question
What is hydrolysis in plastic degradation?
Answer
Reaction with water molecules, significant for hydrolysable polymers like PET.
7
Question
How does microbial colonization affect plastics?
Answer
Microorganisms form biofilms, roughening surfaces and aiding abiotic degradation.
8
Question
Which polymer is being recycled in the Adidas process?
Answer
PET (polyethylene terephthalate) bottles.
9
Question
How does Adidas apply the 3Rs concept?
Answer
By recycling waste PET bottles into yarn for new shoes and apparel.
10
Question
What process does radiation energy fundamentally involve?
Answer
Emission and transmission of energy in waves or particles.
11
Question
What distinguishes ionizing from non-ionizing radiation?
Answer
Ionizing radiation can break chemical bonds and ionize atoms.
12
Question
Which sources emit ionizing radiation?
Answer
Electron beams, X-rays, alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays.
13
Question
Why is ionizing radiation used in industry?
Answer
To enable processes without nuclear reactions or activation.
14
Question
What are common ionizing radiation types used in industry?
Answer
Electron beams, X-rays, alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays.
15
Question
What energy range do industrial electron beams typically operate in?
Answer
Below 10 MeV.
16
Question
What is the primary effect of ionizing radiation on matter?
Answer
It causes chemical bonds to break and matter to become ionized.
17
Question
How does ionizing radiation assist in material processing?
Answer
Through cross-linking, sterilization, and quality improvement.
18
Question
In the UMK parliamentary debate, what are the two positions on telecommunication tower radiation?
Answer
Team A: Safe; Team B: Harmful.
19
Question
What is the debate topic regarding telecom tower radiation?
Answer
Assessing whether radiation exposure is safe or harmful.
20
Question
What is a biointerface in biomaterials?
Answer
The contact region between biomolecules, cells, tissues, or organisms and another biomaterial.
21
Question
Why modify the surface of a biomaterial in biointerface applications?
Answer
To alter surface properties to influence biointeraction while retaining key physical features.
22
Question
What qualities should an ideal support/substrate material have?
Answer
Cheap, inert, strong, and stable.
23
Question
What are surface-immobilized biomolecules and their advantage?
Answer
Biomolecules attached to a surface; they enable convenience, reusability, and increased stability.
24
Question
Name a method of enzyme immobilization involving incubation with enzymes.
Answer
Adsorption.
25
Question
What is entrapment in enzyme immobilization, and which materials are used?
Answer
Enzymes are trapped within polymeric gels or hydrogels like polyacrylamide during polymerization.
26
Question
Describe covalent binding for enzyme immobilization.
Answer
Enzymes are attached via functional groups on supports for enhanced stability.
27
Question
What is encapsulation in enzyme immobilization?
Answer
Entrapping enzymes within a semipermeable membrane such as cellulose nitrate or nylon.
28
Question
How are biomolecules attached in physicochemical surface modification for medicine?
Answer
By means that enable interaction with specific cell or tissue targets.
29
Question
On what materials has biomolecule attachment been achieved?
Answer
Soluble polymers, solid polymers, porous polymers, and hydrogels.
30
Question
What is the primary function of biomaterials in medical applications?
Answer
To imitate or support natural biological functions in the body.