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Ethics Key Concepts
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Question
Why were the Greeks in Homer's story outraged by Achilles' actions?
Answer
His actions violated their old moral code of helping friends and harming enemies.
Question
What does Socrates' assertion 'No person should ever willingly do evil' imply about his view of morality?
Answer
There is only one true moral code: avoiding evil.
Question
How does Plato respond to differing ideas of the good in his society?
Answer
He emphasizes the need for standards and justification for evaluating good.
Question
What is relativism's stance on universal moral norms?
Answer
There are no universal moral standards; morality varies across cultures and individuals.
Question
How does subjective relativism differ from cultural relativism?
Answer
Subjective relativism is individual-decided; cultural relativism depends on societal norms.
Question
What problem does moral relativism face with respect to moral progress?
Answer
It cannot account for moral progress because morals are always changing and not always wrong or right.
Question
What is the core idea of egoism in ethics?
Answer
Individuals should focus solely on their own interests for the maximum benefit.
Question
How does Kant’s deontological ethics determine what is morally right?
Answer
By following the categorical imperative, acting only on maxim that can be universalized.
Question
What does the categorical imperative require when considering an action?
Answer
Act only on maxims that can be willed as universal laws.
Question
Why is lying considered irrational according to Kant?
Answer
Universalizing lies leads to contradictions, so lying is always immoral.
Question
What are the six basic moral principles guiding decision-making in professional ethics?
Answer
Autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, justice, fidelity, and veracity.