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Introduction to Linguistics and Language Processing
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1
Question
What are the four smaller tasks involved in understanding the sentence 'How do people communicate with one another?'
Answer
Phonology, lexicon, syntax, pragmatics.
2
Question
Which phonological component involves recognizing phonemes, allophones, and minimal pairs?
Answer
Phonology.
3
Question
What is an allophone?
Answer
A different realisation of the same phoneme.
4
Question
Define phonotactics.
Answer
Rules governing possible phoneme sequences in a language.
5
Question
What does prosody refer to?
Answer
Word and sentence stress patterns.
6
Question
In the sentence 'Tom Burton tried to steal a butter plate,' which allophones of /t/ can be identified?
Answer
A glottal stop, flapped /t/, and /t/ pronounced clearly.
7
Question
What is a minimal pair?
Answer
Two words differing by only one sound, e.g. 'strong' and 'wrong'.
8
Question
What distinguishes content words from function words semantically?
Answer
Content words carry meaning; function words have grammatical roles.
9
Question
How does morphology differentiate between free and bound morphemes?
Answer
Free morphemes can stand alone; bound morphemes cannot.
10
Question
What is the primary function of syntax?
Answer
Analyzing grammatical structure and constituent relationships.
11
Question
Give an example of a basic syntactic rule involving S, V, and O.
Answer
S-V-O, e.g., John loves Mary.
12
Question
What is recursion in linguistic structure?
Answer
Embedding constituents within similar constituents, e.g. clauses within clauses.
13
Question
Why is recursion considered evidence of linguistic creativity?
Answer
It allows infinite sentence formation from finite rules.
14
Question
What is deep structure?
Answer
Underlying meaning derived from transformations.
15
Question
In Chomsky's transformational grammar, what is the purpose of transformation rules?
Answer
To convert deep structure into surface structure.
16
Question
What is the main claim of the Universal Grammar hypothesis?
Answer
All humans share an innate set of grammatical principles.
17
Question
How does the Government and Binding theory simplify phrase-structure rules?
Answer
By reducing many rules to move alpha operations.
18
Question
What is pragmatic competence?
Answer
The ability to use language appropriately in social contexts.
19
Question
Name two ways AI techniques mimic human language processing.
Answer
Machine learning and NLP.
20
Question
What role does deep learning play in NLP?
Answer
Capturing linguistic patterns and semantics in neural networks.
21
Question
Can animals like parrots truly communicate via language?
Answer
No, they lack linguistic creativity and rule-based language.
22
Question
What are the main subsystems of language?
Answer
Phonology, morphology, lexicon, semantics, syntax, pragmatics.
23
Question
What is the evidence of linguistic creativity?
Answer
Recursion.
24
Question
How does AI utilize psycholinguistic findings?
Answer
By modeling how humans build and process information.
25
Question
What is neurolinguistics?
Answer
The study of brain-language relationships.
26
Question
Name one method used in neurolinguistic research.
Answer
fMRI.
27
Question
Which parts of the brain are involved in speech production and comprehension?
Answer
Broca's area (production), Wernicke's area (comprehension).
28
Question
What is the primary function of the peripheral nervous system?
Answer
Carry information in and out of the CNS.
29
Question
Which brain areas are associated with memory and fear?
Answer
Hippocampus and amygdala.
30
Question
What does Broca’s aphasia affect?
Answer
Speech fluency—production pathways.