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Epidemiology Environmental Epidemiology Concepts
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Epidemiology Environmental Epidemiology Concepts
Epidemiology Environmental Epidemiology Concepts
Study
1
Question
What is the primary goal of epidemiology?
Answer
To understand and prevent health issues in populations
2
Question
How does environmental epidemiology differ from general epidemiology?
Answer
It studies impacts of environmental factors on health, mainly observationally
3
Question
What are the main components of the epidemiological/environmental triad?
Answer
Agent, host, environment
4
Question
What types of factors are included as agents in environmental epidemiology?
Answer
Biological, nutritional, physical, chemical, mechanical
5
Question
Which factors are considered in the host component of the triad?
Answer
Age, sex, genetics, behaviors, social and occupational factors
6
Question
What does prevalence measure in epidemiology?
Answer
Percentage of a population with a disease at a given time
7
Question
What does incidence measure in epidemiology?
Answer
Number of new cases over a specified period
8
Question
What is a case report in epidemiological studies?
Answer
Detailed account of symptoms, diagnosis, treatment of an individual patient
9
Question
How is a case series different from a case report?
Answer
It tracks multiple subjects with similar exposure or outcomes
10
Question
What data level does an ecological study analyze?
Answer
at population or group level
11
Question
What is a key limitation of cross-sectional studies?
Answer
Cannot measure incidence or establish causality
12
Question
What is the main comparison in a case-control study?
Answer
Prior exposure between diseased cases and non-diseased controls
13
Question
What measure of association is used in case-control studies?
Answer
Odds ratio
14
Question
What distinguishes a cohort study from other observational studies?
Answer
Compares exposed vs. unexposed over time to assess risk and temporal relationships
15
Question
What is the purpose of a randomized controlled trial?
Answer
To evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention while reducing bias through randomization
16
Question
What is the first step in risk assessment?
Answer
Hazard identification: linking agents to adverse health outcomes
17
Question
What does exposure assessment evaluate?
Answer
Intensity, frequency, duration of human exposure to agents
18
Question
What is the goal of dose-response assessment?
Answer
To characterize how health effects vary with different doses of an agent
19
Question
What is the final step in risk assessment?
Answer
Risk characterization: merging hazard, exposure, dose-response data to assess overall risk