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PATHO EXAM 2
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1
Question
What mechanism allows cancer cells to reprogram energy metabolism for rapid growth?
Answer
Aerobic glycolysis and oxygen-independent growth
2
Question
How do cancer cells resist apoptosis?
Answer
By defects in intrinsic or extrinsic pathways
3
Question
What role does tumor-promoting inflammation play in cancer progression?
Answer
Creates susceptibility and suppresses immune response
4
Question
How do cancer cells evade immune destruction?
Answer
Recruit immune cells and remodel tissue for metastasis
5
Question
What processes are involved in activating invasion and metastasis?
Answer
Spread, macrophage recruitment, resistance to apoptosis
6
Question
Identify an epithelial-origin cancer type and its typical location.
Answer
Carcinoma in epithelial tissue
7
Question
What distinguishes adenocarcinoma from other carcinomas?
Answer
Glandular tissue origin
8
Question
Name a sarcoma and its tissue of origin.
Answer
Sarcoma from mesenchymal tissue
9
Question
What is the clinical significance of TNM stage 4 cancer?
Answer
Distant metastasis present
10
Question
Which lifestyle factors are most associated with increased cancer risk?
Answer
Smoking, alcohol, obesity, infections
11
Question
What characterizes malignant lymphomas?
Answer
Proliferation of lymphocytes in lymphatic tissue
12
Question
Where do most lung cancers originate and how are they classified?
Answer
Bronchi; non-small cell and neuroendocrine tumors
13
Question
What are common sites of origin for ovarian cancer?
Answer
Fimbriae, endometrium, germ cells, stromal cells, epithelial cells
14
Question
From which cell type do most breast cancers originate?
Answer
Ductal or lobular epithelium
15
Question
What gene mutation is associated with familial colorectal cancer?
Answer
APC gene in familial adenomatous polyposis
16
Question
How does stress activate the SNS system?
Answer
CRH triggers norepinephrine and epinephrine release
17
Question
What are the main effects of catecholamines during fight or flight?
Answer
Increase blood O2, glucose, heart rate, bronchodilation
18
Question
How does the HPA axis respond to stress?
Answer
CRH → ACTH → cortisol increases blood pressure and energy
19
Question
What is an immune response difference between acute and chronic stress?
Answer
Acute beneficial; chronic pro-inflammatory and suppressive effects
20
Question
How does prolonged cortisol affect the immune system?
Answer
Suppresses immunity, increases risk of infections
21
Question
What stimulates hematopoiesis and erythropoiesis?
Answer
Need to replenish cells or hypoxia
22
Question
What is the pathway of erythropoiesis starting from stem cells?
Answer
Stem cell → proerythroblast → normoblast → reticulocyte → erythrocyte
23
Question
What laboratory value indicates infection or inflammation?
Answer
Increased WBC count
24
Question
What causes iron deficiency anemia and its key symptoms?
Answer
Lack of iron; fatigue, pallor, koilonychia
25
Question
What is the cause of pernicious anemia?
Answer
Lack of B12 due to intrinsic factor deficiency
26
Question
What characterizes folate anemia?
Answer
Folate deficiency causing premature cell death without neuro symptoms
27
Question
How do normocytic-normochromic anemias differ from others?
Answer
Normal cell size and hemoglobin; caused by other conditions
28
Question
What is polycythemia vera and its primary cause?
Answer
RBC overproduction due to mutation in tyrosine kinase
29
Question
Name a symptom of polycythemia vera.
Answer
Plethora (ruddy complexion), hypercoagulability
30
Question
What causes leukocytosis and what are its potential origins?
Answer
Increased leukocytes; infection or hematologic malignancies