Otorhinolaryngology Sequential Short Notes Q1–Q50

Q1: Frontal sinus opens into the middle nasal passage.

Q2: Nasolacrimal canal opens into the inferior nasal passage.

Q3: Quadrangular cartilage forms the main part of the nasal septum.

Q4: Maxillary sinus opens into the middle nasal passage.

Q5: Anterior/middle ethmoid cells open into the middle nasal passage.

Q6: Posterior ethmoid cells open into the upper nasal passage.

Q7: Sphenoid sinus opens into the upper nasal passage.

Q8: Upper nasal passage is covered by olfactory epithelium.

Q9: Main artery of the nasal cavity is the sphenopalatine (from the maxillary).

Q10: Nasal cavity sensory innervation: trigeminal nerve, mainly V2 (maxillary).

Q11: Frontal sinus blood: anterior ethmoid, infraorbital, middle cerebral arteries.

Q12: Posterior rhinoscopy shows nasopharynx, choanae, posterior turbinates.

Q13: Hiatus semilunaris: opening for frontal and maxillary sinus drainage.

Q14: Floor of maxillary sinus formed by alveolar process of upper jaw.

Q15: Locus Kisselbachii—common nosebleed site—in anteroinferior nasal septum.

Q16: Posterior wall of maxillary sinus borders the pterygopalatine fossa.

Q17: Healthy nasal mucosa: pink, moist, smooth.

Q18: Lateral wall of nasal cavity contains the turbinates.

Q19: Nasal septum: perpendicular plate (ethmoid), quadrangular cartilage, vomer.

Q20: 3 turbinates in each half of nasal cavity.

Q21: Tubal tonsil at the opening of the eustachian tube.

Q22: Frontal-nasal canal opens on the floor of the frontal sinus.

Q23: Regio respiratoria: from nasal floor to lower edge of middle turbinate.

Q24: Regio olfactoria: from middle turbinate to nasal vault.

Q25: Posterior ethmoid cells open in the posterior hiatus semilunaris.

Q26: Sieve plate of ethmoid forms upper wall of nasal cavity.

Q27: Frontal process of upper jaw = main lateral skeleton of nasal cavity.

Q28: Alveolar process of upper jaw is floor of maxillary sinus.

Q29: Hemilunar slit of Pirogov on lateral wall of middle nasal passage.

Q30: Posterior wall of maxillary sinus borders the pterygopalatine fossa.

Q31: Pharynx = muscular tube from skull base to C6 vertebra.

Q32: Nasopharynx communicates with nasal cavity via choanae.

Q33: Pharynx divided into naso-, oro-, and hypopharynx.

Q34: Pharynx extends from skull base to level of sixth cervical vertebra.

Q35: Tonsils: palatine, lingual, pharyngeal (develops first), tubal.

Q36: Nasopharynx functions: respiration, drainage, immune defense.

Q37: Lateral pharyngeal wall borders neurovascular neck bundle.

Q38: Palatine tonsil between palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches.

Q39: Pharyngeal tonsil in nasopharynx.

Q40: Tubal tonsil near eustachian tube opening.

Q41: Lingual tonsil on tongue base.

Q42: Choanae open into the nasopharynx (2 in number).

Q43: Length of nasopharynx: to the level of hard palate.

Q44: Length of hypopharynx: to the esophagus.

Q45: Larynx has 3 unpaired cartilages: epiglottis, thyroid, cricoid.

Q46: Elastic laryngeal cartilages: epiglottis, corniculate, cuneiform.

Q47: Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle opens (widens) the glottis.

Q48: Lateral cricoarytenoid & arytenoid muscles close the glottis.

Q49: Larynx is a resonator, involved in voice production.

Q50: Larynx has 3 anatomical parts: supraglottis, glottis, subglottis.