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General Pathology Review
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General Pathology Review
General Pathology Review
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1
Question
What is Pathology?
Answer
The study of structural, biochemical, & functional changes in cells/tissues/organs that underlie disease. Also the study of disease causes.
2
Question
What is Histopathology?
Answer
Study of abnormal tissues, preparation of tissues for microscopic evaluation to allow to study and be evaluated under microscope
3
Question
What are the divisions of pathology?
Answer
Anatomical, Clinical, Molecular
4
Question
What are the aspects of pathology?
Answer
Etiology, Pathogenesis, Molecular Changes and Functional Rearrangement, Clinical Manifestation
5
Question
What are the 3 classes of cells?
Answer
Labile, Stable, Permanent
6
Question
Define Aplasia.
Answer
Incomplete / defective development of a tissue or organ. The affected area shows no resemblance to the normal adult structure.
7
Question
Define Agenesis.
Answer
Complete non-appearance / absence of organ
8
Question
Define Hypoplasia.
Answer
Failure of an organ to reach its normal mature adult size
9
Question
Define Atresia.
Answer
Failure of organ to form an opening. A condition in which an orifice or a passage in the body is either closed or absence
10
Question
What are the causes of cell injury?
Answer
Biologic agents, Chemical agents, Physical agents, Infectious agents, Nutritional imbalances, Genetic defects and Immunologic reaction
11
Question
What are the microscopic changes that show up in reversible cell injury?
Answer
Cellular swelling and Fatty degradation
12
Question
What are the microscopic changes that show up in irreversible cell injury?
Answer
Cytoplasmic changes (Larger cells, Increased eosinophilia) and Nuclear changes (Pyknosis, Karyorrhexis, Karyolysis)
13
Question
Differentiate apoptosis and necrosis.
Answer
Apoptosis is physiologic, affects single cells, cell shrinkage, plasma membrane remains intact, and no inflammation. Necrosis is pathologic, affects groups of neighboring cells, cell swelling, plasma membrane is disrupted, and there is inflammation.
14
Question
What are the types of necrosis?
Answer
Coagulative, Liquefactive, Caseous, Fibrinoid, Fat Necrosis, Gangrenous
15
Question
Define inflammation.
Answer
Tissue reaction to injury. Consists of vascular responses, migration and activation of leukocytes and systemic reactions.
16
Question
What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
Answer
Rubor (redness), Dolor (pain), Calor (heat), Tumor (swelling), Function Laesa (Destruction of function unit of the tissue)
17
Question
What are the types of atrophy?
Answer
Physiologic and Pathologic
18
Question
What are the types of Hypertrophy?
Answer
Physiologic, Pathologic, Compensatory
19
Question
What are the types of Hyperplasia?
Answer
Physiologic and Pathologic
20
Question
Define Metaplasia.
Answer
A reversible process. Involves transformation of adult cell to another adult cell
21
Question
Define Dysplasia.
Answer
A reversible process. The affected cells shows a change / variation in size, shape, cell orientation (cellular arrangement). Abnormal growth and differentiation. A pre-neoplastic lesion
22
Question
Define Anaplasia.
Answer
An irreversible process. Transformation of adult cell to primitive / embryonic cell type
23
Question
Define Neoplasia.
Answer
Process of tumor formation. Characterized by continuous proliferation of abnormal cells. Can lead to formation of tumor
24
Question
What are the two parts of tumor?
Answer
Parenchyma (neoplastic cells) and Stroma (connective tissue framework)
25
Question
How do you name benign and malignant tumors?
Answer
Benign tumors end with -oma. Malignant tumors end with -carcinoma (epithelial tissue) or -sarcoma (connective tissue)
26
Question
What is Grading of Tumors?
Answer
Determination of number of differentiated and undifferentiated cells
27
Question
What is Staging of Tumors?
Answer
Based on the size of primary lesion, extent of spread to regional lymph nodes, presence or absence of metastases. Uses TNM classification.
28
Question
Define Somatic Death.
Answer
Refers to the death of the entire body
29
Question
What are the secondary changes in somatic death?
Answer
Algor Mortis, Livor Mortis, Rigor Mortis, Post Mortem Clotting, Dessication, Putrefaction, Autolysis
30
Question
Define Autopsy/Necropsy.
Answer
Process of taking pieces of tissues from a dead person for the purpose of examination or investigation