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Generalization Discrimination Forgetting and Observational Learning
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Generalization Discrimination Forgetting and Observational Learning
Generalization Discrimination Forgetting and Observational Learning
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1
Question
What is stimulus generalization?
Answer
The tendency for a conditioned response to occur in the presence of stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus.
2
Question
What is a generalization gradient?
Answer
A graph showing the relationship between the degree of similarity of different stimuli and the strength of the response.
3
Question
What are some ways to increase generalization?
Answer
Training in a wide variety of settings, providing lots of examples, varying the consequences, and reinforcing generalization when it occurs.
4
Question
What is stimulus discrimination?
Answer
The tendency for behavior to occur in certain situations but not in others.
5
Question
What does a flat vs steep gradient indicate about discrimination?
Answer
A flat gradient indicates little or no discrimination; a steep gradient indicates considerable discrimination.
6
Question
How can discrimination be established through Pavlovian and operant procedures?
Answer
Pavlovian: A CS+ is paired with a US, while a CS− appears alone. Operant: An SD signals that a behavior will be reinforced, and an S∆ indicates the behavior will not have reinforcing consequences.
7
Question
What are the four types of discrimination training procedures?
Answer
Simultaneous (stimuli presented at the same time), Successive (SD and S∆ alternate), Matching to Sample (select a comparison stimulus that matches a sample), and Errorless (S∆ is initially presented very weakly and gradually faded in).
8
Question
What is the Differential Outcomes Effect (DOE)?
Answer
Providing different consequences for different behaviors results in faster discrimination learning and higher accuracy.
9
Question
What is stimulus control?
Answer
When discrimination training brings behavior under the influence of discriminative stimuli.
10
Question
What are some applications of generalization, discrimination, and stimulus control in the analysis of behavior?
Answer
Mental Rotation, Concept Formation, and Smoking Relapse.
11
Question
What are the three dominant theories of generalization and discrimination?
Answer
Pavlov's, Spence's, and Lashley-Wade's theories.
12
Question
What is forgetting?
Answer
Deterioration in learned behavior following a period without practice, not due to aging, injury, or disease.
13
Question
What are some methods to measure forgetting?
Answer
Free Recall, Prompted or Cued Recall, and the Relearning (Savings) Method.
14
Question
What is recognition in the context of memory?
Answer
Identifying previously learned material from new material
15
Question
What is Delayed Matching to Sample (DMTS)?
Answer
A recognition procedure for animals where a sample stimulus is followed by a delay, then alternatives; failure to peck the matching stimulus after the delay is forgetting.
16
Question
What is the extinction method for measuring forgetting?
Answer
Putting learned behavior on extinction after a retention interval; faster extinction indicates forgetting.
17
Question
What is gradient degradation?
Answer
Measuring forgetting by a flattening of a generalization gradient, indicating less stimulus control.
18
Question
How does the retention interval affect forgetting?
Answer
Forgetting increases over time; time itself does not cause forgetting but measures events.
19
Question
What is overlearning?
Answer
Practicing beyond initial mastery.
20
Question
How is fluency measured?
Answer
Correct responses per minute.
21
Question
What is proactive interference?
Answer
Learning A-B interferes with recalling A-C.
22
Question
What is retroactive interference?
Answer
Learning A-C interferes with recalling A-B.
23
Question
What is state-dependent learning?
Answer
Learned behavior varies with physiological state during learning and testing.
24
Question
How does overlearning help reduce forgetting?
Answer
Learn thoroughly, beyond initial mastery.
25
Question
What is distributed practice?
Answer
Spread out study/practice sessions over time.
26
Question
What are mnemonics and how do they help with memory?
Answer
Use devices or strategies that provide cues for recall (rhymes, acronyms).
27
Question
What does SAFMEDS stand for?
Answer
Say All Fast Minute Each Day Shuffle.
28
Question
Define forgetting.
Answer
A deterioration (or change) in performance due to experience.
29
Question
How do physical characteristics limit learning?
Answer
An animal's physical structure determines what kinds of behavior are possible and impossible.
30
Question
What is the non-heritability of learned behavior?
Answer
Learned behavior is not inherited.