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Breast Anatomy Flashcards
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Breast Anatomy Flashcards
Breast Anatomy Flashcards
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1
Question
What are the areolar glands (of Montgomery)?
Answer
Modified sebaceous glands that secrete oily lubrication to prevent nipple drying and cracking.
2
Question
What is the glandular part (parenchyma) of the breast made of?
Answer
Alveoli, lactiferous ducts, and lactiferous sinuses.
3
Question
What does the fibrofatty stroma of the breast consist of?
Answer
Fibrous and fatty tissue.
4
Question
What are the ligaments of Cooper?
Answer
Extends from the skin to the pectoral fascia and divides the gland into 10-15 lobes.
5
Question
In what direction should the incision be given when draining a breast abscess?
Answer
Radially, to avoid damage to the lactiferous ducts.
6
Question
Describe the location of the female breast.
Answer
Hemispherical, located in the superficial fascia of the pectoral region.
7
Question
What is the extent of the female breast?
Answer
Vertically: 2nd to 6th rib in the midclavicular line. Horizontally: Lateral border of the sternum to the midaxillary line.
8
Question
Name the three muscles that form the deep relations of the breast.
Answer
Pectoralis major (medially), serratus anterior (laterally), and external oblique (inferomedially).
9
Question
What arteries supply blood to the breast?
Answer
Internal thoracic artery, lateral thoracic artery, superior thoracic artery, acromiothoracic branches of the axillary artery, and lateral branches of the posterior intercostal arteries.
10
Question
Name the veins that drain the breast.
Answer
Axillary vein, internal mammary vein, and intercostal veins.
11
Question
What plexus drains the parenchyma, nipple, and areola of the breast?
Answer
Subareolar plexus of Sappey.
12
Question
How is the lymphatic drainage from the parenchyma, nipple, and areola distributed?
Answer
75% to axillary group, 20% to parasternal nodes, 5% to posterior intercostal nodes.
13
Question
Where does the lymphatic drainage from the overlying skin of the breast go (excluding nipple and areola)?
Answer
Axillary nodes (outer part), supraclavicular nodes (upper part), parasternal nodes (inner part), subdiaphragmatic nodes (inner part).
14
Question
What are some effects of carcinoma in the breast?
Answer
Cancer cells infiltrate suspensory ligaments, causing breast fixation. Contraction of ligaments causes skin retraction. Infiltration of lactiferous ducts leads to nipple retraction.
15
Question
How does cancer migrate to the ovary?
Answer
The cancer cells may migrate transcelomically to ovary producing a secondary tumour called Krukenberg tumour.
16
Question
How does cancer migrate to the vertebrae and brain?
Answer
The cancer cells can also spread to the vertebrae and the brain via venous route, through the communication between the veins draining the breast and the vertebral venous plexus.
17
Question
What causes the peau d’orange appearance in breast cancer?
Answer
Obstruction of cutaneous lymphatics leading to breast oedema and deepening of the mouths of sweat glands and hair follicles.
18
Question
How does the mammary gland develop?
Answer
From the milk line, a linear thickening of surface ectoderm in the 4th week of intrauterine life.
19
Question
Enumerate congenital anomalies of the breast.
Answer
Polymastia (supernumerary breasts), amastia (absence of breast), athelia (absence of nipple), polythelia (supernumerary nipples).
20
Question
Describe the microscopic structure of a nonlactating mammary gland.
Answer
Predominantly fibrofatty tissue with little glandular tissue, indistinct lumina, underdeveloped alveoli.
21
Question
Describe the microscopic structure of a lactating mammary gland.
Answer
Predominantly glandular tissue with little fibrofatty tissue, clearly visible lumina filled with secretion, well-developed alveoli with distended lumen filled with milk.
22
Question
Enumerate the muscles of the pectoral region.
Answer
Pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, subclavius, and serratus anterior.
23
Question
What is the origin of the pectoralis major muscle?
Answer
Clavicular head from the medial 1/2 of clavicle. Sternocostal head from the anterior surface of the sternum up to 6th costal cartilage, medial parts of 2nd to 6th costal cartilages, and aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle.
24
Question
What is the insertion of the pectoralis major muscle?
Answer
By a bilaminar tendon onto the lateral lip of the bicipital groove in a ‘U-shaped manner’.
25
Question
What is the nerve supply of the pectoralis major muscle?
Answer
Medial and lateral pectoral nerves.
26
Question
What are the actions of the pectoralis major muscle?
Answer
Adduction and medial rotation of the shoulder.
27
Question
What is the origin of the pectoralis minor muscle?
Answer
Arises from 3rd, 4th and 5th ribs anteriorly near their costal cartilages.
28
Question
What is the insertion of the pectoralis minor muscle?
Answer
Medial border and upper surface of the coracoid process of the scapula.
29
Question
What is the nerve supply of the pectoralis minor muscle?
Answer
Medial and lateral pectoral nerves (C6–C8).
30
Question
What are the actions of the pectoralis minor muscle?
Answer
Draws the scapula forward across the chest wall and depresses the shoulder.