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Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Testing Essentials
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Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Testing Essentials
Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Testing Essentials
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1
Question
What characterizes Diabetes Insipidus?
Answer
Diabetes Insipidus is characterized by vasopressin deficiency, polyuria with low specific gravity (SG) of urine.
2
Question
What percentage of calcium in blood is free (ionized)?
Answer
50% of calcium in blood is in the free (ionized) form.
3
Question
What is the best method for detecting all types of Quality Control (QC) errors?
Answer
Levey-Jennings charts are best for detecting all types of QC errors.
4
Question
Which electrolyte is greatly affected by venous stasis?
Answer
Potassium levels are greatly affected by venous stasis.
5
Question
What happens if heparinized blood intended for blood gas pH measurement is not transported on ice?
Answer
Failure to transport heparinized blood on ice for blood gas pH measurement results in decreased pH and pO2, and increased pCO2.
6
Question
What is the major osmotic particle outside the cell?
Answer
Sodium is the major osmotic particle outside the cell.
7
Question
What does the reference test for total protein use as its main reagent?
Answer
The reference test for total protein uses sulfuric acid as the main reagent (Kjeldahl method).
8
Question
Which error type is not a systematic error?
Answer
Pipetting error is a systematic error; therefore, an example of something not systematic would be a random error (implied by 'except').
9
Question
What is bromocresol green commonly used to measure?
Answer
Bromocresol green is commonly used to measure albumin.
10
Question
What substrate is used for measurement of lipase activity?
Answer
Triolein is the substrate used for measuring lipase activity.
11
Question
Which enzyme is an indicator of organophosphate poisoning?
Answer
Cholinesterase is an indicator of organophosphate poisoning.
12
Question
To increase prostatic acid phosphatase activity in testing, what reagent should be included?
Answer
Tartrate ions must be included to increase prostatic acid phosphatase activity.
13
Question
What lipoprotein component primarily composes the beta lipoprotein fraction?
Answer
The beta lipoprotein fraction primarily consists of cholesterol ester.
14
Question
Which hormone strongly differentiates Type 1 Diabetes from Type 2 Diabetes?
Answer
C-peptide strongly differentiates Type 1 Diabetes from Type 2 Diabetes.
15
Question
What hormone is secreted by parafollicular cells and inhibits parathyroid hormone (PTH) and Vitamin D3?
Answer
Calcitonin is secreted by parafollicular cells and inhibits PTH and Vitamin D3.
16
Question
What enzyme is responsible for the dissociation of carbonic acid into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate?
Answer
Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the dissociation of H2CO3 into H+ and HCO3-.
17
Question
Which class of drugs does lithium belong to?
Answer
Lithium is classified as an antidepressant drug.
18
Question
Which hormone is associated with amenorrhea and galactosemia?
Answer
Prolactin is associated with amenorrhea and galactosemia.
19
Question
When should a "basal state" blood collection be performed as requested by a physician?
Answer
Basal state blood collection should be done early in the morning before rising.
20
Question
What is the impaired glucose tolerance cutoff value at 2 hours after an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)?
Answer
An impaired glucose tolerance is diagnosed when the 2-hour blood glucose level is 170 mg/dL.
21
Question
What is the most common adulterant added to urine to achieve a false-negative drug test?
Answer
Water is the most common adulterant added to urine for false-negative drug tests.
22
Question
Which compound is easily removed by dialysis and is highly affected by protein diet?
Answer
Urea is easily removed by dialysis and is highly affected by protein intake.
23
Question
Which condition is associated with increased serum uric acid except one—identify the exception.
Answer
Cirrhosis is a condition associated with increased serum uric acid except an undefined exception (implied here).
24
Question
Which 24-hour urine assay is considered diagnostic for pheochromocytoma?
Answer
Measurement of metanephrines in 24-hour urine is diagnostic for pheochromocytoma.
25
Question
What is the major protein component of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)?
Answer
Apolipoprotein A-1 (Apo A-1) is the major protein component of HDL.
26
Question
What is the function of instruments requiring primary and secondary monochromators?
Answer
They are used in fluorometers for enhanced spectral resolution.
27
Question
What key feature characterizes Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome?
Answer
Markedly increased gastrin levels in stomach fluid characterize Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome.
28
Question
What is the blood carbonic acid to bicarbonate ratio?
Answer
The blood carbonic acid to bicarbonate ratio is approximately 1:20.
29
Question
What hormonal characteristics are true for Type 2 Diabetes mellitus, except?
Answer
Type 2 Diabetes is more common than Type 1 and does not strictly require insulin therapy, but absolute insulin deficiency is not typical (exception).
30
Question
Interpret the patient's arterial blood gas (ABG) results: pH = 7.50, pCO2 = 34 mmHg, HCO3 = 40 mmHg.
Answer
The ABG indicates uncompensated metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation.