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Adolescent Development Flashcards
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Adolescent Development Flashcards
Adolescent Development Flashcards
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Question
How does exercise impact adolescent physical and mental health?
Answer
Exercise positively affects both physical and mental health during adolescence, while a sedentary lifestyle increases risks like poor mental health, obesity, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and cancer in adulthood.
Question
What changes occur in adolescent sleep patterns and their consequences?
Answer
Adolescents tend to go to sleep later and get less sleep on school days; after puberty, melatonin secretion happens later at night, making early bedtime difficult. Sleep deprivation can cause irritability, poor motivation, concentration issues, and worse school performance.
Question
What factors make adolescents more sensitive to alcohol effects?
Answer
Alcohol interacts with developing inhibitory and excitatory control receptor systems, making adolescents more sensitive to its rewarding effects and less sensitive to its negative effects, leading to changes in key prefrontal brain areas involved in executive control.
Question
Describe the general trends in body image and related disorders during adolescence.
Answer
Girls often feel highest body satisfaction when underweight, some dissatisfaction at average weight, and most dissatisfaction when overweight. Disorders include anorexia nervosa (distorted body image, severe underweight, fear of gaining weight), bulimia nervosa (binge eating followed by purging), and binge-eating disorder (binging without purging).
Question
What cognitive development stage do adolescents typically enter, according to Piaget, and what characterizes it?
Answer
Adolescents enter the Formal Operations stage, characterized by developing abstract thinking, the ability to use symbols to represent symbols, imagine possibilities, create and test hypotheses (hypothetical-deductive reasoning), usually around age 11.
Question
Explain the concept of 'imaginary audience' and its effect on adolescent behavior.
Answer
Imaginary audience is the adolescent's belief that they are constantly being observed and judged by others, making them highly self-conscious and often causing them to act as if everyone is focused on their behavior and appearance.
Question
What is the 'personal fable' in adolescent cognitive development?
Answer
The personal fable is an adolescent’s belief that they are unique and special, with experiences unlike anyone else's, often leading them to feel exempt from rules and to engage in risky behavior.
Question
Outline Lawrence Kohlberg's three levels of moral development relevant to adolescence.
Answer
1) Preconventional Morality (3-7 yrs): Morality based on obedience to avoid punishment and self-interest; 2) Conventional Morality (8-13 yrs): Morality based on social approval and maintaining social order; 3) Postconventional Morality (14+ yrs): Morality based on abstract principles, social contracts, and universal ethical principles.
Question
How do adolescents' abilities in social perspective-taking change?
Answer
Adolescents improve at understanding others' viewpoints and tailoring their speech to others’ perspectives, which helps them solve social problems and navigate interpersonal relationships.
Question
What are the key characteristics of identity achievement versus identity foreclosure in psychosocial development?
Answer
Identity Achievement involves experiencing a crisis and making a commitment to goals and values after exploration; Identity Foreclosure involves commitment without crisis, often adopting others’ plans without personal exploration.
Question
Define the concept of 'fidelity' in Erickson's stage of identity versus role confusion.
Answer
Fidelity is the ability to sustain loyalty, faith, or a sense of belonging to others, including identification with values, ideology, religion, politics, or an ethnic group, which develops as adolescents resolve their identity.
Question
What psychosocial challenges are common during adolescent development?
Answer
Challenges include managing family conflict, mood swings, depression, risky behaviors, achieving autonomy and personal identity, developing intimacy, and forming a coherent self-concept.
Question
What are the three levels of peer groupings during adolescence and their significance?
Answer
1) Dyadic (one-to-one friendships), 2) Cliques (structured groups of friends who regularly interact), and 3) Crowds (larger social groups based on reputation or identity). These groupings reflect increasing social complexity and identity development.
Question
What factors contribute to juvenile delinquency during adolescence?
Answer
Juvenile delinquency is influenced by family background (such as antisocial tendencies), low physiological arousal prompting sensation seeking, early onset leading to chronic delinquency, inconsistent or harsh parenting, and temporary adolescent-limited delinquency.
Question
Why might the perception of irrelevance of school curriculum affect students from culturally under-represented groups?
Answer
If students see the curriculum as culturally irrelevant, it can lower motivation and engagement, shaping their self-efficacy beliefs and influencing their educational and career outcomes negatively.