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Cardiac Physiology and Hypertension
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Cardiac Physiology and Hypertension
Cardiac Physiology and Hypertension
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1
Question
What is the order of impulse conduction in the heart starting from the SA node?
Answer
SA node → AV node → bundle of His → Purkinje fibers.
2
Question
What is considered the pacemaker of the heart and where is it located?
Answer
The SA node in the right atrium is the pacemaker of the heart and starts the action potential.
3
Question
What causes Adams-Stokes syndrome?
Answer
Adams-Stokes syndrome is caused by heart block.
4
Question
Through which heart chamber does oxygenated blood return from the lungs?
Answer
Oxygenated blood returns to the heart through the left atrium.
5
Question
Describe the path of deoxygenated blood entering and leaving the heart.
Answer
Deoxygenated blood enters the heart through the vena cava vein to the right atrium and leaves through the pulmonary artery from the right ventricle to the lungs.
6
Question
Which valves are referred to as the atrioventricular (AV) valves and their corresponding sides?
Answer
The mitral valve is the left AV valve and the tricuspid valve is the right AV valve.
7
Question
Should the left AV (mitral) valve be open during atrial filling?
Answer
No, the left AV (mitral) valve should NOT be open during atrial filling.
8
Question
Which structures prevent backflow of blood to the ventricles of the heart?
Answer
The aortic and pulmonary valves prevent backflow of blood to the ventricles.
9
Question
Where is blood velocity faster: arteries or veins?
Answer
Blood velocity is faster in arteries.
10
Question
Where does the fastest blood flow occur and where is the highest resistance found in the circulatory system?
Answer
The fastest blood flow occurs in the arteries; the highest resistance occurs in the arterioles.
11
Question
How does the vagus nerve affect heart rate and through which neurotransmitter?
Answer
The vagus nerve releases acetylcholine (Ach), causing hyperpolarization of the SA node and decreasing heart rate.
12
Question
What happens during systole?
Answer
Systole is the contraction of the ventricle.
13
Question
What is the major determinant of myocardial oxygen consumption?
Answer
Cardiac output is the major determinant of myocardial oxygen consumption.
14
Question
How does cigarette smoking affect the risk of atherosclerosis?
Answer
Smoking cigarettes increases the risk of atherosclerosis.
15
Question
Define preload in relation to cardiac function.
Answer
Preload is the force that stretches the cardiac muscle prior to contraction and is related to ventricular filling.
16
Question
What is afterload in the context of heart function?
Answer
Afterload is the pressure or resistance against which the heart has to pump blood during systole.
17
Question
Which agents decrease preload, and how?
Answer
Nitrates and diuretics decrease preload by reducing venous return.
18
Question
Name drugs that decrease afterload.
Answer
Nifedipine, calcium channel blockers (CCBs), hydralazine, diazoxide, and minoxidil decrease afterload.
19
Question
Which drugs decrease both preload and afterload?
Answer
ACE inhibitors (ACEIs), sodium nitroprusside, and beta blockers (BBs) decrease both preload and afterload.
20
Question
How does moderate exercise affect systolic and diastolic blood pressure?
Answer
Moderate exercise increases systolic blood pressure with no effect on diastolic blood pressure.
21
Question
How does regular exercise influence heart strength, artery flexibility, and blood pressure?
Answer
Regular exercise strengthens the heart and makes the arteries more flexible, lowering resting blood pressure and reducing the risk of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases.
22
Question
Which arteries are commonly used to measure pulse and blood pressure?
Answer
The radial artery is commonly used to measure pulse; the brachial artery is used for blood pressure.
23
Question
Does tyramine reduce blood pressure?
Answer
No, tyramine does not reduce blood pressure.
24
Question
In pheochromocytoma, what effects do sodium intake and cholinergic agents have on blood pressure?
Answer
Sodium intake increases blood pressure, while cholinergic agents decrease it.
25
Question
What are baroreceptors, and what role do they play in the autonomic nervous system?
Answer
Baroreceptors are mechanoreceptors that relay information about blood pressure within the autonomic nervous system.
26
Question
Which medications can cause iatrogenic drug-induced hypertension?
Answer
Oral contraceptives, SNRIs, clonidine withdrawal, and corticosteroids can cause iatrogenic drug-induced hypertension.
27
Question
Why is counseling important for patients with hypertension?
Answer
Because hypertension is often asymptomatic, counseling includes regularly checking blood pressure to manage risks.
28
Question
What are the main risks associated with hypertension?
Answer
Hypertension increases the risk of strokes and heart attacks.
29
Question
How does hypertension affect chronic kidney disease (CKD) and type 2 diabetes (DM2)?
Answer
Hypertension causes and worsens CKD and can also cause type 2 diabetes.
30
Question
What are two major risks that hypertension treatment aims to reduce?
Answer
Treatment of hypertension reduces the risk of stroke and angina.