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Emotions and the Brain
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Emotions and the Brain
Emotions and the Brain
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1
Question
What does the emBODY tool reveal about emotions and physiology?
Answer
The emBODY tool shows that each emotion has a unique and exclusive physiological profile, meaning different emotions cause distinct bodily responses.
2
Question
What do Siegle's results say about physiological changes related to emotions?
Answer
Siegle found that there are physiological changes in the body linked to emotions, but no exact one-to-one mapping between specific emotions and physiological responses.
3
Question
How do EEG and fMRI differ in measuring brain activity?
Answer
EEG measures the brain's electrical activity directly, while fMRI measures blood flow changes (BOLD signals) non-invasively as an indirect indicator of brain activity.
4
Question
What role does the amygdala play in emotions?
Answer
The amygdala is responsible for innate fear responses and fear learning, and it also responds to other emotional stimuli, both positive and negative.
5
Question
What happens when the hippocampus is damaged regarding fear?
Answer
If the hippocampus is damaged, a person cannot learn to recognize fear consciously but can still show a normal conditioned fear response, meaning they react to fear without knowing why.
6
Question
How does amygdala damage affect fear responses?
Answer
Damage to the amygdala means a person can learn associations with fear but cannot produce the conditioned fear response, so they know something is scary but don't react emotionally.
7
Question
What occurs when both the amygdala and hippocampus are damaged?
Answer
The person is unable to learn or respond to fear, losing both recognition and reaction to fearful stimuli.
8
Question
What is the difference between 'liking' and 'wanting' in neural terms?
Answer
'Liking' refers to the experience of receiving a reward, while 'wanting' refers to the anticipation or desire for a reward; both involve brain regions like the nucleus accumbens (NAc).
9
Question
What does the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) do in emotion processing?
Answer
The OFC integrates the affective value of specific stimuli using information from the amygdala and nucleus accumbens, tracking positive or negative value depending on the context and goals.
10
Question
What happens when the orbitofrontal cortex is damaged?
Answer
Damage to the OFC leads to inappropriate emotional responses that do not match the context, seen in both humans and animals.
11
Question
What did Murphy's meta-analysis conclude about brain regions and emotions?
Answer
Murphy found some brain regions are more active during particular emotions, like the insula for disgust and the amygdala for fear, but there is no strict one-to-one structure-function mapping; the brain shows many-to-many relationships.
12
Question
What are the key ideas of Lazarus's appraisal theory of emotion?
Answer
Lazarus proposed two appraisal stages: primary appraisal is unconscious and automatic, deciding if a stimulus is threatening or rewarding; secondary appraisal is conscious and complex, evaluating causes and consequences.
13
Question
How is emotion elicited according to dimensional appraisal theories?
Answer
Different emotions arise from unique combinations of appraisal dimensions, where various meaningful evaluations trigger specific emotional responses.
14
Question
What is the 'negativity bias' with respect to emotion?
Answer
Negativity bias is the tendency for people to notice and respond faster to negative stimuli, such as angry faces, showing a 'pop-out' effect in perception.
15
Question
What is the difference between Zajonc and Lazarus views on emotion and cognition?
Answer
Zajonc argued that emotions can occur independently of cognition, while Lazarus believed cognition is necessary for emotion to happen.
16
Question
What are Kahneman’s two systems of thinking?
Answer
System 1 is fast, automatic, less voluntary, and heuristic-based (default mode). System 2 is slow, deliberate, and logical, requiring more effort.
17
Question
What does the Broaden-and-Build theory propose about positive emotions?
Answer
Positive emotions broaden our attention and thinking, helping us see the bigger picture and build lasting personal resources.
18
Question
What is the difference between level and global processing in attention related to emotion?
Answer
Level processing narrows attention (better when sad), while global processing broadens attention (better when happy).
19
Question
How do positive emotions affect persuasion and processing?
Answer
Positive emotions increase the use of heuristic information and encourage automatic, less effortful thinking during persuasion when unconstrained.
20
Question
What is the affect-as-information theory?
Answer
People use their current mood or emotional state as information or a shortcut (heuristic) when making judgments or evaluating situations.
21
Question
How can emotions influence moral judgment and decision making?
Answer
Emotions drive our decisions in moral judgments and social dilemmas, such as the Ultimatum Game or Trolley Problem, showing emotions guide intuitions and choices.
22
Question
What are flashbulb memories and are they highly accurate?
Answer
Flashbulb memories are vivid and confidently remembered memories of emotional events, but they are not more accurate than regular memories.
23
Question
What is mood congruent memory?
Answer
Mood congruent memory means we better recall memories that match our current mood, remembering sad events when sad and happy events when happy.
24
Question
What does mood dependent memory suggest?
Answer
Mood dependent memory means information learned in a particular mood is more likely to be recalled when in the same mood again, such as studying anxious, then recalling better when anxious.
25
Question
How is temperament related to personality from a contemporary scientific perspective?
Answer
Temperament is genetically influenced, expressed in brain structures and functions, modified by experience, and childhood temperament can predict adult personality traits.
26
Question
What are the hierarchical levels of personality traits?
Answer
Personality traits span broad levels: extremely broad (2 traits), broad (Big 3: Neuroticism, Extraversion, Self-Control), more specific (Big 5), and narrow facets like punctuality.
27
Question
What are the Big 5 personality characteristics?
Answer
Openness (creativity), Conscientiousness (planning, high standards), Extraversion (energetic, talkative), Agreeableness (considerate, helpful), and Neuroticism (emotional instability).
28
Question
What do BIS and BAS stand for, and how do they relate to brain activity?
Answer
BAS (Behavioral Activation System) relates to reward-seeking and shows greater left frontal brain activity. BIS (Behavioral Inhibition System) relates to threat sensitivity and shows greater right frontal brain activity.
29
Question
What motivational styles are linked to BAS and BIS traits?
Answer
BAS traits involve approach motivation and goal-orientation, while BIS traits involve avoidance motivation and sensitivity to punishment.
30
Question
What is the relationship between traits, states, and emotional responses?
Answer
Traits represent typical emotional tendencies, but states are temporary emotional responses triggered when trait-relevant contexts occur; their interaction determines emotional outcomes.